higher denomination; as, in dividing seconds, or minutes, you divide by 60; in dividing drachms, or ounces avoirdupois, you divide by 16, because sixteen drachms make an ounce, &c.

3. In £18 12s. 7d., how many pence? Ans. 4471d. 4. In 4471 pence, how many pounds? Ans. £18 12s. 7d. 5. In £61 12s., how many shillings? Ans. 1232s. 6. In 1232 shillings, how many pounds?

Ans. £61 12s. 7. In 41 guineas, at 28 shillings each, how many pence? Ans. 13776d.

8. In 13776 pence, how many guineas at 28 shillings each? Ans. 41 guineas.

9. In 320 pistoles, at 22 shillings each, how many shillings? Ans. 7040s.

10. In 7040 shillings, how many pistoles? Ans. 320 pistoles. 11. In 24 dollars, at 8 shillings each, how many pence and shillings? Ans. 192s. 2304d.

12. In 2304 pence, how many dollars, at 8 shillings each? Ans. $24.

13. In 48 moidores, at 36 shillings each, how many shillings? Ans. 1728s.

14. In 1728 shillings, how many moidores, at 36 shillings each? Ans. 48 moidores.

TIME.

1. In 287 days, how many seconds? Ans. 24796800sec. 2. In 24796800 seconds, how many minutes, hours, and days? Ans. 413280min. 6888h. 287d.

3. In 25 weeks, how many days? Ans. 175d.

4. In 175 days, how many weeks? Ans. 25w.

5. In 30 years, how many seconds, allowing 365 days and 6 hours to the year? Ans. 946728000sec.

6. In 946728000 seconds, how many years? Ans. 30y.

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

1. In 20 ounces, how many drachms? Ans. 320dr. 2. In 320 drachms, how many ounces? Ans. 20oz. 3. In 1 tun, how many drachms? Ans. 573440dr. 4. In 573440 drachms, how many tuns? Ans. 1T. 5. In 45 T. 14cut. 3gr. 21lb. 13oz. dr., how many drachms? Ans. 26233308dr.

6. In 26233303 drachms, how many tuns? Ans. 45 T. 14cwt. 3qr. 21lb. 13oz. dr.

APOTHECARIES WEIGHT.

1. In 14 pounds, how many grains? Ans. 80640gr. 2. In 80640 grains, how many pounds?

Ans. 14b. 3. In 8 ounces, how many scruples? Ans. 1929.

4. In 192 scruples, how many ounces? Ans. 83.

5. In 8b 63 43 19 12gr., how many grains? Ans. 49232gr. 6. In 55799 grains, how many pounds? Ans. 9 83 13 20 19gr.

TROY WEIGHT.

1. In 25 pounds, how many grains? Ans. 144000g7. 2. In 144000 grains, how many pounds? Ans. 25lb. 3. In 8 pounds, how many penny-weights? Ans. 1920pwt. 4. In 1920 penny-weights, how many pounds? Ans. 8lb. 5. In 16lb. 10oz. 18pwt. 5gr., how many grains? Ans. 97397gr.

6. In 97397 grains, how many pounds? Ans. 16īb. 10oz. 18pwt. 5gr.

DRY MEASURE.

1. In 8 bushels, how many quarts?
2. In 256 quarts, how many bushels?
3. In 80 bushels, how many pints?
4. In 5120 pints, how many bushels?
5. In 46bu. 3p. 7qt., how many quarts?
6. In 1503 quarts, how many bushels?

WINE MEASURE.

Ans. 256qt.
Ans. 8bu.
Ans. 5120pt.
Ans. 80bu.
Ans. 1503qt.
Ans. 46bu. 3p. 7qt.

1. In 35 gallons, how many pints? Ans. 280pt. 2. In 280 pints, how many gallons? Ans. 35gal. 3. In 9 tuns, how many quarts? Ans. 9072qt. 4. In 9072 quarts, how many tuns? 5. In 116 barrels, how many gills? 6. In 116928 gills, how many pints, 29232pt. 14616qt. 116bar.

Ans. 9T
Ans. 116928gi.
quarts, barrels? Ans.

LONG MEASURE.

1. In 49 feet, how many inches? Ans. 588in. 2. In 588 inches, how many feet? Ans. 49ft.

3. In 49 yards, how many barley-corns? Ans. 5292bc. 4. In 10m. 4fur. 24po. 10ft. 4in., how many inches? Ans. 670156in.

5. In 40 miles, how many yards? Ans. 70400yd. 6. In 70400 yards, how many miles? Ans. 40m.

LAND OR SQUARE MEASURE.

1. In 6 square feet, how many square inches? Ans. 864in. 2. In 864 square inches, how many square feet? 3. In 150 acres, how many square poles? 4. In 24000 square poles, how many acres? 5. In 241a. 3r. 25po., how many square poles? 6. In 38705 square poles, how many acres? 25po.

SOLID OR CUBICK MEASURE.

Ans. 6S. F. Ans. 24000po. Ans. 150a. Ans. 38705po. Ans. 241a. 3r.

I. In 42 cords of wood, how many solid feet? Ans. 5376ft. 2. In 5376 solid feet, how many cords? Ans. 42C.

3. In 18 tuns of hewn timber, how many solid feet and inches? Ans. 900ft. 1555200in.

4. In 900 solid feet, how many tuns of hewn timber? Ans. 18 T.

5. In 36 cords, how many solid feet? Ans. 4608ft. 6. In 4608 solid feet, how many cords?

Ans. 36C.

CLOTH MEASURE.

1. In 44 yards, how many quarters? Ans. 176gr. 2. In 176 quarters, how many yards?

Ans. 44yd.

3. In 190 yards, how many nails? Ans. 3040na.

4. In 3040 nails, how many yards? Ans. 190yd.

5. In 122 ells English, how many quarters? Ans. 610gr. 6. In 3840 nails, how many yards, ells English, and ells. Flemish? Ans. 240vd. 192E. E. 320E. F.

CIRCULAR MOTION.

1. In 11 signs, how many degrees? Ans. 330. 2. In 330 degrees, how many signs? Ans. 11.S.

3. In 4S. 3° 18' 27", how many seconds? Ans. 443907". 4. In 443907 seconds, how many signs? Ans. 4S. 3° 18'27". 5. In 360 degrees, how many seconds? Ans. 1296000". 6. In 1296000 seconds, how many degrees?

PAPER.

1. In 20 bundles, how many reams?
2. In 40 reams, how many bundles?
3. In 120 reams, how many quires?
4. In 2400 quires, how many reams?
5. In 480 quires, how many sheets?
6. In 11520 sheets, how many quires?

Ans. 360o.

Ans. 40r.
Ans. 20bu.
Ans. 2400q.
Ans. 120r.
Ans. 11520s.
Ans. 480q.

REDUCTION OF CURRENCIES.

Q. What is Reduction of Currencies?

A. Reduction of Currencies teaches to find the value of the coin, or currency, of one state, or country, in that of another. The same denominations and coin are generally used in the different states and countries, but the standard value frequently differs in each. Thus, a dollar is reckoned, in New York, Ohio, and North Carolina, 8s., called New York currency.

In New England, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, 6s., called New England currency.

In New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, 7s. 6d., called Pennsylvania currency. In South Carolina and Georgia, 4s. 8d., called Georgia currency.

In Canada and Nova Scotia, 5s., called Canada, or Halifax currency.

In England, 4s. 6d., called English or Sterling

currency.

RULE.

Q. How do you reduce the currency of each state, or country, to federal money?

A. The given sum must first be reduced to shillings, sixpences, or to pence, and then divided by the number of shillings, sixpences, or pence, in a dollar, as it is reckoned in each state.

EXAMPLES.

1. Reduce £192, New York currency, to federal money. Ans. $480.

EXPLANATIONS.

In this example, you inultiply the given sum, £192, by 20, which reduces it to shillings, and then divide the product by 8, the number of shillings in a dollar New York currency, and the answer will be dollars.

£

192

20 shillings in a pound.

8)3840

$480

2. Reduce £28 11s. 6d, New England currency, to federal money. Ans. $95,25.

EXPLANATIONS.

In this example, you must first reduce the £28 11s. 6d. to pence, and then divide the product by 72, the number of pence in a dollar New England currency, and the answer will be dollars. When there is a remainder, add ciphers, and divide as before, the answer will be decimals of a dollar, or cents and mills.