1824, directed uniformity in form and contents of the programmes. The first part should consist of a treatise on a subject not foreign to school matters, of general interest at least for the educated, instructive for public schools in general or for gymnasiums in particular, the choice of which, within this description, to be left to the author; it is also permitted, in place of such treatise, to publish a suitable discourse delivered in the gymnasium during the year. This scientific treatise had to be composed alternately in the German and Latin languages, and the director and each teacher, one after the other, were to write the same. The second part, in German only, to be furnished by the director, contained information on school matters and plans of teaching. Copies of these programmes were sent to all the universities in the State, and to public libraries, and for exchange with all higher schools were remitted to the provincial school board; this exchange has been extended, through the Department of Instruction, since 1836, to nearly all the German States, the empire of Austria, and for a time to Denmark.

Books of Reference, Cabinets, etc.-Libraries, some of great value, as for instance that of the Joachimthal gymnasium at Berlin, can be found at all higher schools, and considerable funds are provided for their increase. Many institutions, since 1830, possess libraries for scholars which have been made up almost exclusively by contributions from the scholars and their patrons, for the object of putting within reach of students a suitable selection of publications, and to guard them against injurious reading. There are no general regulations in the administration of libraries, but each school has its own rules. The annual schoolprogramme contains a list of all new books procured within the year. Moreover, gymnasiums have cabinets of musical instruments, of apparatus for natural philosophy and chemistry, cabinets of zoology, botany, etc., and other collections, generally the result of donations.

Discipline in Schools.-Though a general order of discipline for these schools does not exist, they are conducted in a uniform manner on the basis of instructions for directors and class-professors, and other circulars. A spirit of order, obedience and industry, to call forth which and to preserve, is the earnest endeavor of all and every teacher, together with a mutual esteem and affection between teachers and scholars, which lasts far beyond the years at school, predominates at all the higher schools of Prussia, and furthers and secures the good result of their labors. The principal means of discipline are, a sincere fear of God, the example of teachers in morality and learning, a mutual amicable understanding between school and family, an exciting method of teaching, awakening and rewarding a well regulated industry, constant assistance and discreet approval of progress. Thus most discipline is of a positive kind, as promotion to higher positions or classes, tokens of merit, gradation of testimonials, premiums; but the most effective means for many scholars and in most cases is the approval of the teacher and the consciousness of deserving it. A censure from the teacher, particularly when entered on

the class-book, is already a severe punishment, as the class is revised monthly by the directors. Remaining after school is considered a corrective against idleness or inattention, but can not be inflicted without the presence of a teacher or the consent of the director. Extra lessons

as a punishment, a remedy frequently applied in English schools, must be given to a limited extent only, with a view to being exercises for improvement. Incarceration for misdemeanor is decreed by the director only, and proves more effective by its character than by long hours or fear of prison; in many schools they have no carcer, (prison,) and this name given to a school-room has the same effect. According to the order of discipline for the province of Westphalia, this punishment can be extended to several days without the usual comfort or diet. Corporal punishments, which at the commencement of this century still were an ordinary means of discipline, but disappeared almost entirely in the course of time, should be dispensed with as much as possible, (circular of the school-board of the province of Brandenburg, March 9th, 1843,) and when inflicted, it should be on the principle that the moral impression of this punishment is a greater means of correction than bodily pain. Exclusion from school may take place, when the scholar has twice attended the annual course of a class unsuccessfully; or, as an extreme remedy, when other means of discipline have failed, or for acts of malice or immorality. But to those removed in this manner, other schools are still open; only they are placed under special surveillance, and in case of relapse they are immediately turned out again. The most effective means of discipline are certificates, recording conduct, attention, industry and progress, and furnishing an extract from the class-books, which from time to time are sent to the parents of scholars for their information, and by numbers I, II a, II, II b, III, indicate the moral standing and degree of knowledge of the scholar.

The position in classes, or, as it is called, order of rank, is fixed at the commencement of each semi-annual course, according to the number of the certificate; and in the upper classes according to date of entry or to the decision of the teachers' conference. But during the course these positions are frequently changed, often weekly, according to merit in recitations or extempores. In the lower classes, the system of change for every lesson is favored, because, with younger boys, beyond the pedagogic object of exciting attention and assiduity by a proper ambition, it answers also a dietetic purpose of interrupting by regulated exercise the fatigue of sitting continually.

The admission of scholars from abroad is left to the choice of their parents or guardians; but none are admitted who are not placed under suitable domestic control. To ascertain this is the duty of the director, and a change of boarding-place must be immediately brought to his knowledge, and he may demand that a scholar conform to his wishes or leave the institution.

Privileges.--A great number of branches of the administration and of

public institutions, with the increased demands by the progress of time on their own accomplishments, have also increased their demands upon the education of those who desire admittance, and the requirements on the one side have become privileges on the other, for those who fulfilled them. Thus the following privileges are attached to secondary-schools, equally for gymnasiums and real-schools:

1, Passing the third class: admittance into the first division of the royal horticultural institute at Potsdam.

2, Admittance to class II: a, entering the postal service; b, qualification as technical teacher.

3, Frequenting class II, for six months: a, entering apprentice of pharmacy; b, privilege of one year's military service; (without knowledge. of Greek, a six months' attendance at class 1, is required for this latter privilege.)

4, Frequenting class II, for one year, qualifies for assistant postmaster, and some civil offices.

5, Admittance in class II, upper division, entitles to admittance as pupil of the veterinary school.

6, Admittance in class I: a, entering as clerk in bureaus of subsistence; b, qualifies for civil engineer; c, for clerkships in the offices of the civil administration of a province; d, for clerkships in the subaltern courts of justice.

7, Frequenting class I, entitles to admittance at royal academies of agriculture.

8, One year's attendance of class II, qualifies for, a, clerkships in the bureaus of subsistence, etc., of the army; b, of those of the navy; c, of those of the revenue service; d, entitles to admittance at the final examination of technical schools.

9, Testimonial of maturity: a, admittance at universities; b, qualification for the position of ensign in the army; c, gives admittance to the royal academy of architecture in Berlin; d, to the royal academy of mining at Berlin; e, to the forester's school at Neustadt Eberswalde (provided that a satisfactory examination in mathematics was passed ;) f, the postal service; g, to the royal polytechnic institute at Berlin.

Corresponding privileges have been granted to the real-schools of the second order and to higher burgher-schools.

Private Schools and Institutions.-According to the enactments of common law, private institutions and individuals, who intend to follow the vocation of instructing the young, are required to prove their capacity before the provincial school-board, and obtain a testimonial of qualification. This law was revoked in 1811 by the "regulation for Trades, etc.," but reenacted in 1834, together with the provision that the above testimonial of qualification should not only have regard to knowledge, but also to morality and loyalty in religion and politics. For foreigners the approval by the Department of Education and of the Bureau of Police was required. This regulation was published Dec. 31st, 1839, and di

rected also that private schools and institutions should be permitted in such places only, where there was sufficient provision for education in public schools. The consent for establishing a private school may be revoked, and is not transferable to another person; it expires when instructions have been suspended for six months. With regard to supervision, private schools are subject to the same regulations as public schools; generally a clergyman is president of the visiting board. By circular from the department, of June 17, 1862, the provincial authorities have been empowered to give to foreigners permission for the establishment of private schools without resort to the Department of Education.

VIII. CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW.

The higher schools of Prussia may be classified according to date of their foundation:

A. Century VIII. and IX.—1, Cathedral School at Halberstadt, from the time of Charlemagne, transformed in 1818 into Cathedral Gymna sium; 2, Cathedral School at Paderborn, in 1614 Gymnasium Theodorianum; 3, Convent School at Pruem, in 1814 école sécondaire, in 1852 Progymnasium; 4, Cathedral School at Münster, in 1588 Gymnasium of the Jesuits.

B. Century X. to XIII.-Convent School at Zeitz about 967, Gymnasium since 1820; 2, School at Treptow on the Rega, in 1170, (Bugenhager's Gymnasium since 1857;) 3, Cathedral School at Stendal, 1194, Gymnasium since 1819.

C. Century XIII.-1, School of St. Maria-Magdalene in Breslau, 1266, Gymnasium in 1643; 2, School of St. Peter's at Berlin in 1276, Coeln Real-Gymnasium in 1829; 3, Latin School at Herford in 1265, Gymnasium Fredericianum in 1766; 4, Cathedral School at Naumburg in 1290, became Cathedral Gymnasium in 1822; 5, School of the Church of St. Elizabeth in Breslau in 1293, Gymnasium in 1562; School of the Convent of Barefeet at Sagan in 1294, turned over to the Jesuits by Wallenstein, Gymnasium in 1846; 7, School at Marienwerder, Gymnasium in 1812; 8, School at Königsberg, Gymnasium in 1818; 9, Kneiphoff's Gymnasium at Königsberg.

D. Century XIV-1, City School at Elbing, (1300,) Gymnasium, (1536;) 2, School at Reuss, (1302,) Electoral Gymnasium, (1773-1802,) école sécondaire (1806,) Gymnasium (1852;) 3, Convent School at Muenchen-Gladbach (1315,) Progymnasium (1846;) 4, Parochial School at Königsberg, about 1335, Gymnasium (1811;) 5, Latin School at Wesel, (1342;) Gymnasium Academicum (1613;) 6, Classical School at Liegnitz, by combination of two parochial schools (1369,) Gymnasium (1814;) 7, Latin School at New Ruppin (1365,) Gymnasium (1812;) 8, Parochial School of St. John in Danzig (1350,) Real-School of first order (1860;) 9, Latin School of Marienburg (1351-1382,) Gymnasium (1860;) 10, Latin Schools of the Knights of St. John (1365,) of the Augustines (1350,) united at Glatz into Jesuits' College (1626,) Catholic Gymnasium

since 1773; 11, Academy at Culm (1386,) Secondary Burgher-School (1862;) 12, from the schools connected with the Norbertine Convent at Wedinghouse, near Arnsberg, was formed in 1643 the Gymnasium Norberti-Laurentianum; 13, two Secondary Schools in the old and new city of Quedlinberg (1540,) Lutheran Classical School in 17th century, and formed into Gymnasium illustre; 14, The old Latin School of the Church of St. Nicholas at Goerlitz, removed to the city in the 14th century, Gymnasium Augustum (1565.)

E. Century XV.-1, Gymnasium Montanum (1420,) Laurentianum (1440,) Cucanum (1450,) at Cologne transformed (1820,) after many changes since 1815 into the Catholic Gymnasium of Marzellen, into Evangelical Frederic Wilhelm Gymnasium (1830,) Catholic Gymnasium of the Apostles (1860 ;) 2, St. Peter's School at Danzic (1457,) Real-School, first order (1860;) 3, School at Trottau (1480,) Gymnasium (1825,) RealSciences introduced (1861;) 4, Latin School at Seehausen, i. A. M. 1482, Progymnasium (1863,) Gymnasium (1865;) 5, Latin School at Aschersleben, Real-School, second order, (1859;) 6, Latin School at Anclam, Gymnasium (1847.)

F. Before the Reformation, in old time, undetermined.-1, Latin School at Linz on the Rhine, called Gymnasium Martianum, Progymnasium since 1855; 2, Latin School of the Catholic Convent Church at Essen, after the Reformation a Lutheran Burgher-School, Gymnasium since 1819; 3, Convent School at Vreden, since 1842 Progymnasium Georgianum; 4, Parochial Schools in the old and new city of Salzwedel, in 1744 united Latin School, in 1819 Gymnasium; 5, Parochial School at Guben, Gymnasium in 1818; 6, Great School at Spandau, Progymnasium since 1053, Gymnasium (1862;) 7, Great City-School at Perleberg, Real-School of first order, (1861;) 8, School at Prenzlau, Gymnasium (1812;) 9, Latin School of the Convent of the Holy Ghost at Breslau; 10, Latin School at Lauban, Gymnasium (1827;) 11, St. Martin's School at Halberstadt, Real-School, first order, (1863;) 12, Latin School at Schleusingen, Gymnasium (1853;) 13, School at Lippstadt, Real-School, first order, (1859;) 14, City-School at Emmerich, Gymnasium (1832;) 16, Parochial School at Luckau, Gymnasium, (1818;) 17, Convent School at Eupen, école sécondaire communale (1794,) Secondary City-School (1814,) Secondary Burgher-School (1863.)

G. Century XVI.—a. Beginning of the century: 1, Secondary-School at Attendorn, Progymnasium (1825;) 2, Latin School of the Franciscan monks at Duren, Gymnasium (1826;) 3, School of the Convent of St. Severi at Erfurt, Protestant City Gymnasium, (1561,) Royal Gymnasium, (1820;) 4, Reformed School at Kreuznach, école sécondaire. (1802,) Gymnasium of four classes, (1819,) of six classes, (1821;) 5, Latin School at Lennep, Secondary City-School in 1855; 6, Parochial School of St. Laurentii at Warendorf, Gymnasium Laurentianum (1857;) 7, Old Cathedral School at Colberg, Real-School (1845,) Gymnasium (1858,) at the same time Real-School, second order, (1863,) and Real School, first order,