xiv

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

able termination of the Empire, about B.C. 610. 6. An Assyrian kingdom

anterior to the Empire, from ab. B.c. 1850. 7. Origin of Assyrian inde-

pendence. 8. Earliest known kings, Bel-sumili-kapi, Irba.vul, and Asshur.

iddin-akhi. 9. Earliest continuous series of kings, Asshur-bil-nisi-su,

Buzur-Asshur, Asshur-upallit, Bel-lush, Pudil, Vul-lush, and Shalmaneser I.,

the father of Tiglathi-Nin I. 10. Period which these reigns probably occu.

pied-B.c. 1450 to B.C. 1300. 11. Reign of Tiglathi-Nin I.—his conquest of

Babylon. 12. Second series of eight consecutive kings, viz. Bel-kudur-uzur,

Nin-pala-zira, Asshur-dayan I., Mutaggil-Nebo, Asshur-ris-ilim, Tiglath-

Pileser I., Asshur-bil-kala, and Shamas-Vul. Period occupied by the reigns,

probably from about B.C. 1215 to B.C. 1065. 13. Reigns of Bel-kudur-uzur

and Nin-pala-zira. 14. Reigns of Asshur-dayan I. and Mutaggil-Nebo. 15.

Reign of Asshur-ris-ilim. 16. Reign of Tiglath-Pileser I. 17. Reign of

Asshur-bil-kala. 18. Reign of Shamas-Vul I. 19. Break in the line of

kings-time of depression in Assyria. 20. Third series of ten consecutive

kings, viz. Asshur-dayan II., Vul-lush II., Tiglathi-Nin II., Asshur-izir-pal,

Shalmaneser II., Shamas-Vul II., Vul-lush III., Shalmaneser III., Asshur-

dayan III., and Asshur-lush. 21. Reigns of Asshur-dayan II. and Vul-

lush II. Exact Assyrian chronology commences. 22. Reign of Tiglathi.

Nin II. 23. Reign of Asshur-izir-pal-his conquests. 24. His palace

and temples. 25. Reign of Shalmaneser II., the Black Obelisk king.

26. General view of the state of Asia between B.C. 860 and B.C. 820.

27. Syrian campaigns of Shalmaneser II. 28. His palace at Calah.

29. Shamas-Vul. 30. Campaigns of Shamas-Vul. 31. Vul-lush III. married

to Semiramis. 32. Reign of Shalmaneser III. 33. Of Asshur-dayan III.

34. Of Asshur-lush. 35. General table of the kings of the upper dynasty.

36. Lower dynasty of Assyria-B.C. 745 to B.C. 610. 37. Reign of Tiglath.

Pileser II. 38. Shalmaneser IV.-his siege of Samaria. 39. Sargon-his

extensive conquests. 40. His great palace at Khorsabad. 41. Reign of

Sennacherib-his great palace at Koyunjik. 42. His military expeditions.

43. Length of his reign. 44. Second expedition of Sennacherib into Syria

-miraculous destruction of his army. 45. Sennacherib murdered by his

sons. 46. Reign of Esar-haddon. 47. His magnificent palaces. 48.

Asshur-bani-pal-his war with Tirhakah and conquest of Egypt. 49. His

expedition against the Minni. 50. His great war with Elam. 51. His

Arabian and Syrian expeditions. 52. His hunting-palace. 53. Later

years of Asshur-bani-pal. 54. Supposed reign of Bel-zakir-iskun.

Reign of Asshur-ebil-ili, the Saracus of Berosus, and Sardanapalus of the

Greek writers (?). 56. His character. 57. Fall of Nineveh. 58. Chrono-

logical Table of the kings of the lower dynasty. 59. Duration and extent

of the Empire. 60. General nature of the dominion. 61. Frequency of

disorders-remedies. 62. Assyria the best specimen of a kingdom-empire.

63. Peculiar features of the dominion: (i.) Religious character of the wars.

(ii.) Incipient centralization. 61. Character of the civilization-Litera.

ture-Art-Manufactures ...

Page 151

...

55.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

XV

ESSAY VIII.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE LATER BABYLONIANS.

1. Subordinate position of Babylonia from B.c. 1300 to B.c. 747. 2. Era of

Nabonassar, B.C. 747-supposed connection of Nabonassar with Semiramis.

3. Successors of Nabonassar-Merodach-Baladan conquered by Sargon--

reign of Sargon-Merodach-Baladan's second reign-invasion of Senna-

cherib. 4. Reign of Belibus. 5. Reigns of Asshur-nadin-Sum, Regibêlus,

and Mesesimordachus. Revolt of Babylon, and destruction of the city by

Sennacherib. 6. Esar-haddon rebuilds Babylon, and assumes the crown-

disturbances during his reign--Saül-mugina (Saosduchinus) made king by

Asshur-bani-pal. 7. Reign of Saül-mugina. 8. Asshur-bani-pal assumes

the government-his liberal policy. 9. Nabopolassar made viceroy. 10.

His revolt, and alliance with Cyaxares. Commencement of the Babylonian

empire. 11. Duration of the empire-three great monarchs. 12. Nabo-

polassar-extent of his dominions. 13. Increase of the population. 14.

Chief events of his reign-the Lydian war (?)—the Egyptian war. 15. Ac-

cession of Nebuchadnezzar-his triumphant return from Egypt. 16. His

great works. 17. His conquests. Final captivity of Judah. Siege and

capture of Tyre. 18. Invasion of Egypt and war with Apries. 19. His

seven years' lycanthropy. 20. Short reign of Evil-Merodach.

of Neriglissar, the "Rab-Mag." 22. Change in the relations of Media and

Babylon. 23. Reign of Laborosoarchod. 24. Accession of Nabonadius,

B.C. 556-his alliance with Croesus, king of Lydia-his defensive works,

ascribed to Nitocris. 25. Sequel of the Lydian alliance. 26. Babylon

attacked by Cyrus. 27. Siege and fall of Babylon. 28. Conduct of

Belshazzar during the siege-his death. 29. Surrender and treatment of

Nabonadius. 30. Revolts of Babylon from Darius. 31. Final decay and

Page 513

ruin

...

21. Reign

ESSAY IX.

ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF MESOPOTAMIA AND THE ADJACENT COUntries.

1. Outline of the Physical Geography-Contrast of the plain and the highlands.

2. Division of the plain-Syrian or Arabian Desert-Great Mesopotamian

valley. 3. Features of the mountain region-Parallel chains-Salt lakes.

4. Great plateau of Iran. 5. Mountains enclosing the plateau-Zagros—

Elburz-Southern or coast chain-Hala and Suliman ranges. 6. Low

countries outside the plateau: (i.) Southern (ii.) Northern (iii.)

Eastern. 7. River-system of Western Asia: (i.) Continental rivers—

Syhun—Jyhun—Helmend, &c.—Kur—Aras — Sefid-Rud—Aji-Su—Jaghetu,

&c.- Barada- Jordan-(ii.) Oceanic rivers - Euphrates - Tigris-their

xvi

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

affluents, viz. Greater Zab, Lesser Zab, Diyaleh, Kerkhah, and Kuran-

Indus-Affluents of Indus, Sutlej, Chenab, &c.-Rion-Litany and Orontes.

8. Changes in the Physical Geography: (i.) in the low country east of the

Caspian-(ii.) in the valley of the Indus-(iii.) in Lower Mesopotamia.

9. Political Geography-Countries of the Mesopotamian plain: (i.) As-

syria-position and boundaries-Districts-Adiabêné, &c.-(ii.) Susiana

or Elymais (iii.) Babylonia - Position - Districts - Chaldæa, &c.-(iv.)

Mesopotamia Proper. 10. Countries of the mountain region: (i.) Ar.

menia-Divisions-(ii.) Media-(iii.) Persia Proper-Parætacêné, Mar-

dyêné, &c.—(iv.) Lesser mountain countries-Gordiæa-Uxia, &c.

11.

Countries west of the Mesopotamian plain: (i.) Arabia (ii.) Syria-

Divisions-Commagêné, Cole-Syria, Palestine-(iii.) Phoenicia — Cities.

12. Conclusion ...

...

-

Page 549

ESSAY X.

ON THE RELIGION OF THE BABYLONIANS AND ASSYRIANS.-[H.C.R.]

1. General character of the Mythology. 2. Babylonian and Assyrian Pantheons

not identical. 3. Thirteen chief deities: (i.) Asshur, the supreme God of

Assyria-the Asshur of Genesis-his emblem the winged circle.—(ii.) Anu,

first God of the First Triad-his resemblance to Dis or Hades-his temples

-gods connected with him.-(iii.) Bel-Nimrod (?), second God of the Triad

-his wife, Mylitta or Beltis-his right to the name of Nimrod-his titles,

temples, &c.—(iv.) Hea, third God of the Triad-his correspondence with

Neptune-his titles-extent of his worship.-(v.) Bilta (Beltis), the Great

Goddess-confusion between her and Ishtar-her titles, temples, &c.-(vi.)

Gods of the Second Triad-Vul (or Phul)-uncertainty about his name-

Lord of the sky or air-an old god in Babylonia- his numerical symbol.-

(vii.) Shamas or San, the Sun-God-his titles-antiquity of his worship in

Babylonia-associated with Gula, the Sun-Goddess-their emblems on the

monuments. (viii.) Sin, the Moon-God-his titles -his temple at Ur-his

high rank, at the head of the Second Triad.-(ix.) Ninip or Nin, his various

titles and emblems-his stellar character doubtful- the Man-Bull his

emblem-his name of Bar or Bar-shem-Nin, the Assyrian Hercules-his

temples-his relationship to Bel-Nimrod-Beltis both his mother and his

wife-his names Barzil and Sanda.-(x.) Bel-Merodach-his worship ori-

ginally Babylonian-his temple in Babylon called that of Jupiter-Belus—

his wife, Zirbanit, or Succoth-Benoth.-(xi.) Nergal-his titles-his con-

nection with Nin-his special worship at Cutha-his symbol, the Man-Lion

-his temples, &c.— (xii.) Ishtar or Astarte-called Nana at Babylon-her

worship.-(xiii.) Nebo-his temples-the God of Learning--his name, Tir,

&c. 4. Other gods besides the thirteen-Allata, Bel-Zirpu, &c. 5. Vast

number of local deities

605

-

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

xvii

ESSAY XI.

ON THE ETHNIC AFFINITIES OF THE NATIONS OF WESTERN ASIA.

1. Intermixture of races in Western Asia. 2. Earliest population Turanian.

3. Development of Hamitism and Semitism. 4. Indo-European family.

5. Turanian races: (i.) Parthians-(ii.) Asiatic Ethiopians-(iii.) Colchians

-(iv.) Sapeiri-(v.) Moschi and Tibareni—(vi.) Early Armenians—(vii.)

Cappadocians (viii.) Susianians—(ix.) Chaldæans-(x.) Nations probably

Turanian. 6. Semitic races: (i.) Cilicians—(ii.) Solymi—(iii.) Lydians not

Semitic (iv.) Cappadocians and Himyaritic Arabs not Semitic-(v.) Other

Semitic races.
7. Division of the Semitic races into groups: (a) Eastern,

or Assyro-Babylonian group-(b) Western, or Hebræo-Phoenician group-

(c) Central, or Arabian group. 8. Small extent of Semitism. 9. Late

appearance of the Indo-Europeans, historically. 10. Spread of the race

from Armenia, threefold. 11. Northern migration, into Europe.
12.

Nations of the Western migration: (i.) Pelasgi—(ii.) Phrygians—(iii.)

Lydians (iv.) Carians-(v.) Mysians-(vi.) Lycians and Caunians—(vii.)

Matienians (?). 13. Eastern, or Arian migration. 14. Nations belonging

to it (i.) Persians-(ii.) Medes-(iii.) Carmanians-(iv.) Bactrians—(v.)

Sogdians—(vi.) Arians of Herat—(vii.) Hyrcanians—(viii.) Sagartians—(ix.)

Chorasmians-(x.) Sarangians-(xi.) Gandarians, &c. 15. Tabular view

Note B. On the Invention of Coining, and the earliest specimens of Coined

Page 337, note 8, line 8, for "Tǹvd úvaμiv” read "Thy dúvauv."

706

709

Plan of ruins at Takhti-Suleiman (the northern Ecbatana)

The Birs-Nimrud, or great Temple of Borsippa

Assyrian emblem of the winged circle

Egyptian head-dress

Persian head-dress at Persepolis

Figure of Mylitta, the "Great Goddess"

Median and Persian figures from Persepolis

Chart of the coast about Miletus in ancient times
Chart of the same coast at the present day

Plan of Cnidus and chart of the adjoining coast
Bireme from the palace of Sennacherib ...
Plan of the Temple of Apollo at Branchida
Greek warrior with shield

Lycian coin showing the Triquetra ...
Indian hound, from a Babylonian Tablet
Hand-swipe, from a slab of Sennacherib

Kufa, or wicker boat in use on the Euphrates

Costumes of the Babylonians from the Cylinders
Babylonian Cylinder and seal-impression

Babylonian Coffin and lid

Tomb in Lower Chaldæa

315

318

319

320

322

323

324

324

713

...

713, 714