chocolate. 3. To stamp coin in the mints (Ad dison). The first obvious method of reducing corn into flour for bread would be, by the simple expedient of pounding. And that was for ages the only one which was practised by the various descendants of Adam, and actually continued in use among the Romans below the reign of Vespasian. But the process was very early improved by the application of a grinding power, and the introduction of millstones. This, like most of the common refinements in domestic life, was probably the invention of the antediluvian world, and certainly practised in some of the earliest ages after it. And like most of them, it was equally known in the east and west. Hence the Gauls and Britons appear familiarly acquainted with the use of hand-mills before the time of their submission to the Romans; the Britons particularly distinguishing them, as the Highlanders and we distinguish them at present, by the simple appellations of querns, carnes, or stones. And to these the Romans added the very useful invention of water-mills. For this discovery the world is pretty certainly indebted to the genius of Italy; and the machine was not uncommon in the country at the conquest of Lancashire. This, therefore, the Romans would necessarily introduce with their many other refinements among us. And that they actually did, the British appellation of a waterwill fully suggests of itself; the melin of the Welsh and Cornish, the mull, meil, and melin of the Armoricans, and the Irish muilean and muilind, being all evidently derived from the Roman mola, and molendinum. The subject Britons universally adopted the Roman name, but applied it, as we their successors do, only to the Roman mill; and one of these was probably erected at every stationary city in the kingdom. One plainly was at Manchester, serving equally the purposes of the town and the accommodation of the garrison. And one alone would be sufficient, as the use of hand-mills remained very common in both, many having been found about the site of the station particularly; and the general practice having descended among us nearly to the present period. Such it would be peculiarly necessary to have in the camp, that the garrison might be provided against a siege. And the water-mill at Manchester was fixed immediately below the castle-field and the town, and on the channel of the Medlock. There, a little above the ancient ford, the sluice of it was accidentally discovered about 30 years ago. On the margin of dyer's-croft, and opposite to some new constructions, the current of the river, accidentally swelled with the rains, and obstructed by a dam, broke down the northern bank, swept away a large oak upon the edge of it, and disclosed a long tunnel in the rock below. This has been since laid open in part with a spade. It appeared entirely uncovered at the top, was about a yard in width, and another in depth, but gradually narrowed to the bottom. The sides showed every where the marks of the tool on the rock, and the course of it was parallel with the channel. It was bared by the flood about twenty-five yards only in length, but was evidently continued for several further; having originally begun, as the nature of the ground evinces, just above the large curve in the channel of the Medlock. For the first five or six centuries of the Roman state, there were no public breadbakers in the city of Rome. They were first introduced into it from the east at the conclu sion of the war with Perseus, and about the year 167 before Christ. And, towards the close of the first century, the Roman families were supplied by them every morning with fresh loaves for breakfast. But the same custom, which prevailed originally among the Romans and many other nations, has continued nearly to the present time among the Mancunians. The providing of bread for every family was left entirely to the attention of the women in it. And it was baked upon stones, which the Welsh denominate greidiols, and we gredles. It appears, however, from the kiln-burnt pottery which has been discovered in the British sepulchres, and from the British appellation of an odyn or oven remaining among us at present, that furnaces for baking were generally known among the original Britons. An odyn would, therefore, be erected at the mansion of each British baron, for the use of himself and his retainers: and when he and they removed into the vicinity of a Roman station, the oven would be rebuilt with the mansion, and the public bakehouses of our towns commence at the first foundation of them One bakehouse would be constructed, as we have previously shown one mill to have been set up for the public service of all the Mancunian families. One oven and one mill appear to have been equally established in the town. And the inhabitants of it appear immemorially accustomed to bake at the one and grind at the other. Both, therefore, were in all probability constructed at the first introduction of watermills and ovens into the country. The great similarity of the appointments refers the consideration directly to one and the same origin for them. And the general nature of all such institutions points immediately to the first and actual introduction of both. And, as the same establishments prevailed equally in other parts of the north, and pretty certainly obtained over all the extent of Roman Britain, the same erections were as certainly made at every stationary town in the kingdom. For the description of different kinds of mills, see our articles CORN-MILL, BOLTINGMILL, FLOUR-MILL, OIL-MILL, ROLLING-MILL, WATER-MILL, WIND-MILL, &c. and for the theory of mills, see the article MILL in Dr. Hutton's excellent Mathematical Dictionary; Gregory's Mechanics, vols. 1 and 2; Brewster's Ferguson; and Faber on Hydraulic Machines. MILL (John), a learned English divine, born at Shap in Westmoreland, about 1645. In 1661 he was entered a servitor of Queen's MIL college, Oxford, of which he afterwards became fellow. In 1681 he took his degree of D.D. and about the same time was appointed chaplain to the king. In 1685 he was elected principal of Edmund hall. His edition of the Greek Testament, which will carry his name down to the latest posterity, was published about a fortnight before his death, an event that happened in 1707. MILL (Henry), principal engineer to the New River company, was born in London about 1680, and educated at one of the universities. His skill in mechanics recommended him to the New River company, in whose service he was for many years before his death in 1780. He was employed in various other works, particularly in supplying the town of Northampton with water, for which he received the freedom of that corporation. MILL-COGS. s. The denticulations on the circumference of wheels, by which they lock into other wheels (Mortimer). MILL-DAM. S. The mound by which the water is kept up to raise it for the mill (Mortimer). MILL-HORSE. S. Horse that turns a mill. THARTICUM. MILL-STONE, in a mineralogical view, is a species of the aggregate earth named arenarius or sand-stone. See ARENARIUS. MILLEA. In botany, a genus of the Corol class hexandria, order monogynia. funnel-form, with a six-parted, flat border; anthers inserted in the throat of the corol; germ pedicelled; capsule superior. One species: a Mexican plant, with large white corol. MILLEFOLIUM. (millefolium, from mille, a thousand, and folium, a leaf; so named from its numerous leaves). See Mɛ LISSA. MILLEMORBIA. (millemorbia, from mille, a thousaud, and morbus, a disease; so called from its use in many diseases.) See SCROPHULARIA VULGARIS. MILLENA'RIAN. s. (from millenarius, Lat.) One who expects the millennium. MILLENARY. a. (millenarius, Latin.) Consisting of a thousand (Arbuthnot). MILLENER, or MILLINER, one who sells ribbands and dresses, particularly headdresses for ladies; and who makes up those dresses. The derivation of this word is much disputed. It cannot be from the French, as some pretend; for the French express the notion of millener by the circumlocution merchande des modes. Littleton, in his English and Latin dictionary, published 1677, defines millener," a jack of all trades;" q. d. millenarius, or mille mercium venditor; that is, "one who sells a thousand different sorts of things." This etymology seems fanciful: but, if he rightly understood the vulgar meaning of the word millener in his time, we must hold that it then implied what is now termed "a haberdasher of small wares," one who dealt in various articles of petty merchandise, and who did not make up the goods which he sold. Before Littleton's time, however, a somewhat nicer characteristic than seems compatible with his notion appears to have belonged to them; for Shakspeare, in his Henry IV. makes Hotspur, when complaining of the daintiness of a courtier, say, "He was perfumed like a millener." The fact seems to be, that there were milleners of several kinds: as, horse-milleners, (for so those persons were called who make ornaments of coloured worsted for horses); haberdashers of small wares, the milleners of Littleton; and milleners such as those now peculiarly known by that name, seems most approwhether male or female, and to whom Shakspeare's allusion priate. Lastly, Dr. Johnson, in his Dictionary, derives the word from milaner, an inhabitant of Milan, from whence people of this profession first came, as a Lombard is a banker. MILLENIST. s. (frem mille, Latin.) One that holds the millennium. MILLENNIUM," a thousand years;" generally employed to denote the thousand years during which, according to an ancient tradition in the church, grounded on some doubtful texts in the Apocalypse and other scriptures, our blessed Saviour shall reign with the faithful upon earth after the first resurrection, before the final completion of beatitude. Though there has been no age of the church in which the millennium was not admitted byfindividual divines of the first eminence, it is yet evident from the writings of Eusebius, Irenæus, Origen, and others among the ancients, as well as from the histories of Dupin, Mosheim, and all the moderns, that it was never adopted by the whole church, or made an article of the established creed in any nation. About the middle of the fourth century the millenarians held the following tenets: 1st, That the city of Jerusalem should be rebuilt, and that the land of Judea should be the habitation of those who were to reign on earth 1000 years. 2dly, That the first resurrection was not to be confined to the martyrs; but that after the fall of Antichrist all the just were to rise, and all that were on the earth were continue for that space of time. 3dly, That Christ shall then come down from heaven, and be seen on earth, and reign there with his servants. 4thly, That the saints during this period shall enjoy all the delights of a terrestrial paradise. These opinions were founded upon several passages of scripture which the millenarians among the fathers understood in no other than a literal sense, but which the moderns, who hold that opinion, consider as partly literal and partly metaphorical. Of these passages, that upon which the greatest stress has been laid, we believe to be the following:-" And I saw an angel come down from heaven, having the key of the bottomless pit, and a great chain in his hand. And he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil and Satan, and bound him a thousand years, and cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal upon him, that he should deceive the nations no more till the thousand years should be fulfilled; and after that he must be loosed a little season. And I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given unto them and I saw the souls of them that were beheaded for the witness of Jesus, and for the word of God, and which had not worshipped the beast, neither his image, neither had received his mark upon their foreheads, or in their hands; and they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years. But the rest of the dead lived not again till the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrectiou." Rev. xx. 1-6. This passage all the ancient millenarians took in a sense grossly literal: and taught, that during the millennium the saints on earth were to enjoy every bodily delight. The moderns, on the other hand, consider the power and pleasure of this kingdom as wholly spiritual; and they represent them as not to commence till after the conflagration of the present earth. But that this last supposition is a mistake, the very next verse except one assures us: for we are there told, that "when the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, and shall go out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth;" and we have no reason to believe that he will have such power or such liberty in "the new heavens and the new earth wherein dwelleth righteousness." his own order; Christ the first fruits, afterwards they that are Christ's at his coming, &c." But were the millenarian hypothesis well founded, the words should rather have run thus. Christ the first fruits, then the martyrs at his coming, and a thousand years afterwards the residue of mankind. Then cometh the end,"&c; These arguments strongly incline us to believe, that, by the reign of Christ and the saints for a thousand years upon earth, nothing more is meant than that before the general judgment the Jews shall be converted, genuine Christianity be diffused through all nations, and mankind enjoy that peace and happiness which the faith and precepts of the gospel are calculated to confer on all by whom they are sincerely embraced. Our Saviour's own account of his religion is, that from a small beginning it will increase to the full harvest. The millennium therefore is to be considered as the full effect of the Christian principles in the hearts of men, and over the whole world; and the divines who have treated on this subject prove satisfactorily that this is to be expected from the facts which have already existed, and from the importance of the Christian doctrine. MILLENNIAL. a. (from millennium, Latin.) Pertaining to the millennium. MILLEPEDE. See MILLEPEDES. MILLEPEDES. (millepes, from mille, a thousand, and pes, a foot; named from their numerous feet.) Millipede. Wood-lice. The systematic name of this insect is oniscus armadillo of Linnéus. These insects, though they obtain a place in the pharmacopoeias, are very seldom used medicinally in this country; they appear to act as stimulants and slight diuretics, and for this purpose they ought to be administered in a much greater dose than is usually prescribed. The expressed juice, or forty or fifty living millepedes, given in a mild drink, is said to cure very obstinate jaundices. See ONISCUS. For this and other reasons, which our limits will not permit us to enumerate, the most judicious critics contend, that the prophecies of the millennium point not to a resurrection of martyrs and other just men to reign with Christ a thousand years in a visible kingdom upon earth, but to that state of the Christian church, which, for a thousand years before the general judgment, will be so pure and so wideMILLEPORA. MILLEPE. In zoology, Is extended, that, when compared with the a genus of the class vermes, order zoophyta, state of the world in the ages preceding, it may, Animal an hydra, or polype; corol mostly in the language of scripture, be called a branched and covered with cylindrical turresurrection from the dead. In support binate pores. Thirty-four species, chiefly inof this interpretation they quote two passages habitants of the Mediterranean; several found from St. Paul, in which a conversion from on our own coasts, especially in Cornwall; and Paganism to Christianity, and a reformation of a few scattered through the seas of America, life, is called a resurrection from the dead: India, and Polynesia. The mode of propaga -“Neither yield ye your members as instru- tion and support is similar to that of the MAments of unrighteousness unto sin; but yield DREPORES, to which article the reader may yourselves unto God as those that are alive revert. The following are chiefly worthy of from the dead." Rom. vi. 13. And again, notice. "Wherefore he saith, Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light." Eph. v. 14. It is likewise to be observed, that in all the descriptions of the resurrection and future judgment which are given us at such length in the gospels and epistles, there is no mention made of a first and second resurrection at the distance of a thousand years from each other. There is indeed an order in the resurrection: for we are told (1 Cor. xv. 23.) that “every man shall rise in 1. M. mineacea. Very minute, branching into small lobes, and covered with very small pores. Inhabits the Mediterranean and Indian seas: a beautiful little coral, and the smallest of its genus, being seldom above a quarter of an inch high: the whole surface when magnified appears full of minute, white, blind spitacles, and on the tops of the lobes are several scattered hoies surmounted with a margin; the base is broad, and by this it adheres to shells, rocks, and other corals. 2. M. cervicornis. A little compressed, dichotomous, with cells on both sides, and tubular, somewhat prominent florets. Inhabits the Mediterranean and Cornish coasts; from five to six inches high; reddish, or yellowishbrown, within whitish; branched like the horns of a stag, and appearing as if covered with varnish: a few of the pores are divided at the base, narrow, and of brittle texture. 3. M. cellulosa. Membranaceous, reticulate, funnel-form, irregularly waved and plaited at the margin, with numerous pores on one side. Inhabits the Mediterranean and European seas, fixed to marine substances, and resembles a piece of lace, consisting of a flat, erect, undulating membrane, covered with large, regular perforations; sometimes cupshaped, at other times running into loose folds with a waved margin like a ruffle: about three inches high, solid, brittle, white, or yellowishgrey, with very vivacious polypes. 4. M. polymorpha. Crustaceous, solid, irregularly shaped, but generally branched and tuberculate, and without visible pores. Inhabits most European seas: like the isis, and various other zoophytes, it was formerly employed as an asborbent: and is the common corol of the shops, formed into toys for children in many places it grows in such abundance that it is burnt for manure; colour red, yellowish, greenish, cinereous, but seldom white; sometimes it is shaped like the kernel of a walnut; often in large compressed masses; at other times, botryoidal; but most frequently found in short, irregular ramifications of a chalky tuberculate appearance, and stony sub stance. 5. M. violacea. Flat, branching, with erect, flexuous, round ramifications a little compressed, and a porous suture encompassing the margin. Inhabits the South Sea islands; about three inches high; fine violet blue, with two rows of small pores on each side the margin, besides the line of larger ones surrounding it: surface rough, with here and there clusters of little studs. MILLEPORE, in helminthology. See MILLEPORA. MILLER. s. (from mill.) One who attends a mill (Brown). MILLER (James), an English dramatic writer, was born in Dorsetshire in 1703. He was designed for trade, but not liking that employment he went to Wadham college, Oxford, and entered into orders. While at the university he wrote a famous comedy, called The Humours of Oxford, performed in 1729. He wrote several other pieces, the last of which was Mahomet, a tragedy; during the run of which the author died in 1743. He also published a volume of sermons, and some poems. MILLER (Philip), a famous gardener, was born in Scotland in 1691. His father was gardener to the apothecaries' company at Chelsea, to which place Philip succeeded in 1722. He was a fellow of the royal society, and published several works, the greatest of which is his Gardener's Dictionary in folio. He died in 1771. Four MILLERIA, in botany, a genus of the class syngenesia, order polygamia penparia. Receptacle naked; downless; calyx one-leafed, two or three parted; florets half radiate. species, natives of South America. MILLER'S THUMB, in ichthyology. See COTTUS. MILLE'SIMAL. a. (millesimus, Lat.) Thousandth; consisting of thousandth parts (Watts). MILLET. In botany. See PANICUM. MILLET-GRASS. See HOLCUS. MILLETIERE (Theophilus Brachet, sieur de la), a protestant advocate, who turned divine, and wrote a book encouraging the reformed at Rochelle to take up arms in defence of their religion. In 1645 he renounced the protestant religion and embraced popery. He wrote several polemical books, and earnestly recommended a reunion between the catholics and calvinists. He died in 1665, hated by both parties. MILLINER. See MILLENER. MILLING OF CLOTH. See FULLING and CLOTH. MILLWORT. See GLAUX. MILLION. s. (million, French.) 1. The number of a hundred myriads, or ten hundred thousand (Shakspeare). 2. A proverbial name for any very great number (Locke). MILLIONTH. a. (from million.) The ten hundred thousandth (Bentley). MILLOT (Claude Francis Xavier), a French historian, was born at Besançon in 1726, and for some time belonged to the order of jesuits. He was appointed professor of history at Parma, which office he discharged with great reputation for several years. On his return to Paris he became tutor to the duke of Enghein. He died in 1785. He wrote-1. Elemens de l'Histoire de France, depuis Clovis jusqu'à Louis XIV. 3 vols. in 12mo. The author, selecting the most curious and important facts, has suppressed every thing foreign to the subject, and has not only arranged the materials in their proper order, but chosen them with the greatest judgment. Querlon thought this the best abridgment which we have of the history of France, and preferred it to that of the president Henault.-2. Elemens de l'Histoire d'Angleterre, depuis son origine sous les Romains jusqu'à George II. 3 vols. 12mo. A certain critic maintains, that this work is merely a counterfeit of Voltaire's general history. But this censure is altogether unjust. The ancient history in this work is wholly composed by the Abbé Millot; and, no less than the modern part, discovers his abilities in the choice of facts, in divesting them of useless circumstances, in relating them without prejudice, and in adorning them with judicious reflections.-4. Histoire des Troubadours, three vols. 12mo, compiled from the manuscripts of M. de Sainte Palaic. 5. Memoires Politiques et Militaires, pour servir à l'Histoire de Louis XIV, et de Louis XV, 6 vols. 12mo. Discourses. And various philosophical MILO, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in Italy. It is said that he carried on his shoulders a young bullock four years old, for above forty yards, and afterwards killed it with one blow of his fist, and ate it up in one day. He was seven times crowned at the Pythian games, and six at Olympia. Ovid. Cic. &c. 2. T. Annius, a native of Lanuvium, who attempted to obtain the consulship at Rome. Clodius the tribune opposed his views, yet Milo would have succeeded had not an unfortunate rencontre taken place between his suite and that of Clodius as he was going to the country. Clodius and eleven of his servants were killed, and the body of the murdered tribune was carried to Rome and exposed to public view. Cicero undertook the defence of Milo, but with no effect; he was condemned and banished to Massilia.-3. A general of the forces of Pyrrhus. He was made governor of Tarentum, and that he might be reminded of his duty to his sovereign, Pyrrhus sent him as a present a chain, which was covered with the skin of Nicias the physician, who had perfidiously offered the Romans to poison his royal master for a sum of money. MILO, an island of the Archipelago, about 50 miles in circumference. It has one of the largest and most commodious harbours of the Mediterranean, which serves as a retreat for all vessels that go to, or come from, the Levant. The inhabitants, who are all Greeks, except the cadi, are good sailors. Here are two bishops, one of the Greek, and the other of the Latin church. MILO, the capital of the above island, is situated on the eastern part of it, and contains about 5000 inhabitants. It is 60 miles N. of Candia. Lat. 36. 41 N. Lon. 25. 6 E. MILT, in anatomy, a popular name for the spleen. See ANATOMY. MILT, or MELT, in natural history, the soft roe in fishes; thus called from its yielding, by expression, a whitish juice resembling milk. (See ROE.) The milt is properly the seed or spermatic part of the male fish. The milt of a carp is reckoned a choice bit. It consists of two long whitish irregular bodies, each included in a very thin fiue membrane. M. Peut considers them as the testicles of the fish wherein the seed is preserved; the lower part, next the anus, he takes for the vesicula seminales. To MILT. v. a. (from the noun.) To impregnate the roe or spawn of the female fish. MILT-WASTE. See ASPLENIUM. MILTHORP, a port-town of Westmore land, at the mouth of the Can, five miles from Kendal. It is the only sea-port in the county; and goods are brought hither in small vessels from Grange in Lancashire. Here are two paper-mills. It has a market on Friday, and a fair on old May-day; and there is a good stone bridge over the river Betha, which runs through the town. MILTENBURG, a town of Franconia, in VOL. VIII, Germany, 20 miles S. E. of Aschaffenburg. Lat. 49. 46 N. Lon. 9. 19 E. MILTIADES. There were two of this name recorded in ancient history, both Atheni ans; one the son of Cypselus, the other the celebrated captain, the son of Cymon, who made himself absolute in the Chersonesus, whither he was sent by the Athenians, and who in some time after signalized himself so much by the victory at Marathon over the Persian army. (See MARATHON) Some time after this battle Miltiades was entrusted with a fleet of 70 ships, and ordered to punish those islands which had revolted to the Persians. He was successful at first, but a sudden report that the Persian fleet was coming to attack him changed his operations as he was besieging Paros. He raised the siege and returned to Athens, where he was accused of treason, and particularly of holding correspondence with the enemy. A wound which he had received before Paros detained him at home from making his defence, and his enemies taking advantage of his absence, he was condemned to death, but the rigour of the sentence was retracted on the recollection of his great services to the Athenians; he was put into prison till he had paid a fine of 50 talents to the state. His inability detained him in confinement, and soon after his wounds became incurable, and he died about 489 years before the Christian era. His body was ransomed by his son Cimon, who was obliged to borrow and pay the 50 talents, to give his father a decent burial. MILTON, an ancient town of Dorsetshire, having a market on Tuesdays. This place was famous for its abbey, which is now in ruins. It is 113 miles W. by S. of London. MILTON, a town of Kent, having a market on Saturdays. It is seated on a creek of the river Medway, near the isle of Sheppey, and is much noted for the excellence of its oysters. It is governed by a constable, and is 42 miles E. of London. MILTON (John), the most illustrious of the English poets, was descended of a genteel family, seated at a place of their own name, viz. Milton, in Oxfordshire. He was born December 9, 1608, and received his first rudiments of education under the care of his parents, assisted by a private tutor. He afterwards passed some time at St. Paul's school, London; in which city his father had settled, being engaged in the business of a scrivener. At the age of 17 he was sent to Christ's college, Cambridge, where he made a great progress in all parts of academical learning, but his chief delight was in poetry. In 1628, he proceeded bachelor of arts, having performed his exercise for it with great applause. His father designed him for the church; but the young gentleman's attachment to the muses was so strong, that it became impossible to engage him in any other pursuits. In 1632 he took the degree of master of arts; and having now spent as much time in the university as became a person who determined not to engage in C |