Barak, with 10,000 dispirited, and almost unarmed men, entirely routed, and almost wholly slew, the mighty host of the Canaanites, and may be interpreted the destruction of troops.Whether this shall be in Italy, or in Judea, or perhaps rather in both, about the same time, we dare not positively determine, Rev. xvi. 13, 14.

ARMINIANS, a religious sect, or party, which arose in Holland, by a separation from the Calvinists.They followed the doctrine of Arminius, who taught, with respect to predestination, "That God, from all eternity, determined to bestow salvation on those who he foresaw would persevere unto the end in their faith

his church, Jer. xxxii. 17. Exod. vi.|| 6. Isa. lii. 10. and Ixii. 8. and Ixiii. 12. God is the arm of his people, in giving them strength, support, protection, provision, Isaiah xxxiii. 2.Christ is perhaps called the arm of the Lord, because, in and by him, God displays the exceeding greatness of his power, in our creation, preservation, and chiefly redemption, Isa. liii. 1. Christ's arm wherewith he gathers his lambs, or people, is his saving power, mercy, and love, by the exertion of which he brings them to himself, Isa. xl. 11. Men's outward strength, riches, or other accommodations, are called their arm.— They depend on them, and are by them qualified for an active accomplish-in Christ Jesus; and to inflict everment of their purposes, Psal. x. 15. and xxxvii. 17. Jer. xlviii. 25. Human power and force of armies, &c. is called an arm of flesh, it is but weak and fading, 2 Chron. xxxii. 8. seems the ancient warriors made bare their right arm, or both, when hotly engaged in battle: in allusion to which, God is said to make bare his arm, when, in a very noted and signal manner, he exerts his power and mercy for the deliverance of his people, and the destruction of his enemies; or when he openly reveals his Son to and in men, as the power and wisdom of God, Isa. lii. 10. And Ezekiel's uncovered arm, at his visionary siege of Jerusalem, imported the furious and active manner in which the Chaldeans would assault it, Ezek. iv. 7. ARMS sometimes denote strong armies or warriors, Dan. xi. 15.22, 32.

lasting punishments on those who should continue in their unbelief; and resist unto the end his divine succours: so that election was conditionItal, and reprobation in like manner the result of foreseen infidelity and persevering wickedness."

The founder of this sect, James Arminius, whose real name in Low Dutch was James Harmanni, was borne at Oude-water, in Holland, in 1560, and was ordained minister at Amsterdam on the 11th August 1588. He died in 1609. Ency.

ARMOUR, weapons of war. The offensive arms which the Hebrews and other ancients had for attacking their enemies were swords, darts, lances, spears, javelins, bows and ar rows, slings: their defensive arms, for protecting themselves, were helmets, cuirasses, bucklers, coats of mail. In Deborah's time, it is probable, Jabin had disarmed the Israelites;

To ARM; (1.) To furnish with, or put on weapons or arms for war, Gen. || for neither sword nor spear was to xiv. 14. Numb. xxxi. 5. (2.) To get and exercise such spiritual graces as are bestowed of God for the defence of our souls, 1 Pet. iv. 1. ARMAGEDDON; the Hebrew name given to the place where the Popish and Mahometan troops shall be destroyed under the sixth vial. Its name alludes to Megiddo, where

VOL. I.

be seen among 40,000 of them, Judg. v. 8. In Saul's time the Philistines had done the same, and entirely prohibited smiths to them; hence, no more than Saul and Jonathan had sword or spear, 1 Sam. xiii. 22. It was common to hang up arms in strong or sacred places: Goliah's sword was hung up in the tabernacle,

P

as a trophy sacred to the honour of God, 1 Sam. xxi. 9. A thousand shields of mighty men were deposited in David's tower, Song. iv. 4. The Tyrians, Persians, Lybians, and Lydians, hung up their helmets and bucklers on the walls of Tyre, Ezek. xxvii. 10. When the Maccabees retook the temple from Antiochus, they hung the portal of it with golden crowns and bucklers.

2.

light and knowledge, and fight our way to everlasting light, Rom. xiii. 12. Our ignorance, hatred of God, unbelief, error, profaneness, attachment to following of righteousness by the works of the law and the like, are called Satan's armour wherein he trusteth: hereby he secures his interest in our soul, and opposeth the impressions of the word, Spirit, and providence of God, Luke xi. 22.

God's armour or weapons of indig nation against the Chaldeans, were the Medes and Persians, by whom he executed his just vengeance in destroying that people, Jer. xiii. 5. and 1. 25. The not carnal but mighty weapons of warfare used by gospelministers, are earnest prayer, and the faithful preaching of the gospel, for the conquering of our hearts to Jesus Christ, and the reforming our lives according to his law, 2 Cor. x. 4.— When the wicked flies from the iron weapon, the bow of steel strikes him through: when he shuns one calamity he falls into another more dreadful, Job. xx. 24.

Armour, when ascribed to God, denotes his all-sufficient fitness for, and the methods and means by which he conquers and defends his people, and destroys his enemies, Psal. xxxv. The spiritual armour of the saints consists of the shield of faith, that is, the reconciled God in Christ we believe on, and the grace of faith whereby we believe in him; the helmet of the hope of salvation; the breastplate of truth applied to, and integrity wrought in us, and of imputed and implanted righteousness; the girdle of truth revealed to us, and of|| uprightness in us; the shoes of the preparation of the gospel of peace, the sword of inspired scripture; and the ARMOURY; an arsenal, or reposiartillery of earnest prayer, Eph. vi. tory of armour. Before David's 13-20. With these weapons we are time, every man of the Hebrew nato fight against sin, Satan, and the tion seems to have been trained for world; and to defend ourselves from war, and to have kept his own arms. their many and dangerous attacks, || David laid up one collection of arEph. vi. 11. to 20. This armour is || mour in a tower he built for that purcalled the armour of God; God the pose, Song iv. 4. Another collecSon purchased it for us; God the tion, probably the chief of those which Holy Ghost applies it, or bestows it he had taken in war, he laid up in the on us. Its nature is divine and spi- tabernacle, consecrated to the service ritual. Its success is of God, and by of God; with these, Jehoiada furnishit we fight his battles, Eph. vi. 11.-ed the Levites and others, at the coIt is called the armour of righteousness ronation of Joash, 2 Chron. xxiii. 9. on the right hand and on the left: it || Solomon stored up collections of aris purchased with the finished righte-mour in the house of the forest of ousness of Christ; and in every case Lebanon, and in his fortified cities, and circumstance must be used with and even obliged some tributary universal candour and holiness of life, princes to forge arms for his service, 2 Cor. vi. 7. It is the armour of light: 2 Chron. ix. 16. and xi. 12. 1 Kings it proceeds from the Father of lights; x. 25. King Uzziah furnished his it is possessed and used by the chil-armoury with spears, helmets, slings dren of light; it is shining, glorious, for casting large stones, &c. 2 Chron. and honourable; by the improve- xxvi. 14. Hezekiah, after his deliment of it we manifest our spiritual verance from Sennacherib, stored up

a vast deal of armour, id. xxxiii. 27. ||minaries, locusts, Roman armies, and God's armoury is his treasures of aw-every creature in general, are repreful judgments, ready to be brought sented as God's armies, because of forth for the execution of his wrath, their great number; their orderly Jer. 1. 25. The word of God, and the subjection to him; and readiness to grace of faith, which unite the church protect his interests and people; and and her true members of Christ, are to destroy his opposers: and he muslikened to a well furnished armoury : ters them; he directs their motions, both richly supply us with proper wea- and assigns them their work, Psal. pons werewith to oppose our spiritual ciii. 21. and Ixviii. 12. Dan. iv. 35. enemies, Song iv. 4. Joel ii. 7, 25. Matth. xxii. 7. Angels, glorified saints, sun, moon, and stars, are from their residence, called the armies or hosts of heaven, Luke ii. 13. Psal. xxxiii. 6; and even the Christians, that contribute to the ruin of Antichrist, are called the armies which are in heaven, as they pertain, to the true church, and are directed and assisted of God, Rev. xix. 14.The church and her true members are like an army with banners; for, having Christ as their head, and their spiritual armour put on, and rightly used, they are terrible to devils and wicked men, Song vi. 4, 10. The two armies in the church are hosts of divine persons and perfections, together with holy angels, protecting her

ARMY, or HOST, a multitude of armed men or warriors, marshelled into proper order under different commanders. The greatest army of which we read, in scripture, was Jeroboam's of 800,000; Zerah's of 1,000,000 : || but it is surprising that in Jehoshaphat's kingdom, of so narrow extent, thore should be near 1,200,000 warriors, 2 Chron. xiii. 3. xiv. 9. and xvii. 14-18. The armies with which Xerxes king of Persia invaded Greece, and wherewith Bajazet the Turk, and Tamerlane the Tartar engaged, were still greater. Before David's reign the Israelites fought only on foot, and every man generally provided for himself. Nor had the most of his successors, any but militia and a life-true menibers; or armies of inward guard. When the Hebrew army was about to engage an enemy, proclamation was made, that whoever had built a house, and not dedicated it; whoever had planted a vineyard, and not eaten of its fruit; whoever had betrothed a wife, and not married her; and whoever was cowardly and fear- ARNOLDISTS, in church histoful, should return home. At the ry, a sect so called from their leader same time the priest blew with his Arnold of Brescia, who opened his trumpet, and encouraged the remain-invectives in the streets of Brescia, ing troops to depend on the assistance and told the populace that he was of God, Deut. xx. sent to reform abuses, to pull down the proud and exalt the humble.He then pointed his declamations a

graces and lusts, warring with one another, Song vi. 13. The creatures which have their residence in heaven and earth, are called their hosts, for their number, and the order in which God had placed them, Gen. ii. 1. Psal. xxxiii. 6.

The Hebrews are represented as God's host. They were marshelled under him as their prince and gene-gainst the bishops, the clergy, the ral: sometimes he nominated their monks, and finally against the Roman captains, and gave express orders for pontiff himself. To the laity only their method of war; and his priests, he was indulgent. Churchmen, said with sound of the sacred trumpets, he, who hold benefices, bishops who gave the alarm to battle, Dan. viii. hold domains, and monks that have 10, 11. Josh. v. 14. Angels, minis-possessions, will all be damned. He ters, upright professors, heavenly lu- and his party were too weak, howe

ver, to stem the torrent. He and they were obliged to fly to Tuscany, where he was taken prisoner and conducted to Rome, condemned and executed, and his ashes thrown into the|| Tiber, least the people should collect his remains and venerate them as the relics of a sainted martyr. Ency.

ARRAY; when this word respects clothing, it signifies garments, or the ARNON, a small river that rises handsome manner of putting them in the mountains of Gilead, and runs on, 1 Pet. ii. 9. Esth. vi. 9. When along the north border of Moab, toit respects war, it denotes the proper the south-west, till it discharges itself || arrangement of an army to defend into the Dead sea, Judg. xi. 18. Isa. xvi. 2. Numb. xxi. 13.

AROER, (1.) A city, partly on the north bank, and partly in an island of the river ARNON. Sihon the Amorite took it from the Moabites; Moses took it from him, and gave it to the tribe of Gad, who rebuilt it, Numb. xxxii. 34. When the Gadites were carried captives to Assyria, the Syrians seem to have taken possession of it; but were soon obliged to leave it to the Moabites, under whom, the Assyrians appear to have rendered it a desart, Isa. xvii. 2. It had the same fate from the Chaldeans, under Nebuchadnezzar, Jer. xlviii. 20. (2.) A city on the south of Judah, to whose inhabitants David sent part of the spoil which he took from the Amalekites, 1 Sam. xxx. 28. But, perhaps this may be the same with the former, the inhabitants of which may have been kind to David's parents, while they sojourned in the country of Moab. (3.) A city near Rabbah of the Ammonites, Josh. xiii. 25.

themselves, and attack the enemy, 2 Sam. x. 9. The terrors of God set themselves in array against one, when they appear in great numbers, and ready to surround and destroy him, Job vi. 4. Nebuchadnezzar arrayed || himself as a shepherd with the land of Egypt, when he covered it with his troops, easily conquered it, and loaded himself and army with the rich spoils of it, Jer. xliii. 12.

ARROGANCY; proud contempt of others, attended with boasting, and insulting speech or behaviour, 1 Sam. ii. 3. Prov. viii. 13.

ARROW, a missile weapon, slender, sharp pointed, barbed, and shot from a bow in hunting and war, 1 Sam. xx. 36. Divination by arrows was very common with the Chaldeans, Arabians, Scythians, &c. Undetermined whether to attack the Jews or Ammonites first, both of whose kings had laid schemes to shake off his yoke, Nebuchadnezzar divined by arrows, consulted his Teraphim, and looked into the livers of slain beasts to collect thence what should be his route. In this divination, he proba bly wrote the names of the princes or places which he had a view to at

ARPAD, a city near Hamath in Syria. Some think it was the same as Arvad in Phœnicia; but it is more likely it was a different place, situa-tack on different arrows; then shook ted on the north-east of Bashan, and is the same as Arphas there placed by Josephus. It and its idols were destroyed by the Assyrians, 2 Kings xviii. 34. Isa. x. 9. and xxxvi. 19. and xxxvii. 13; and it was entirely ruined by the Chaldeans, Jer. xlix. 23; but it seems afterward to have been rebuilt.

the arrows together in a quiver. The prince or province whose name was on the arrow first drawn, was thought to be divinely marked as the first to be attacked, Ezek. xxi. 21. On all important occasions of marriage, war, journies, the Arabs divined by three arrows shook together in a sack. If that inscribed, Command me Lord,

was first drawn, they proceeded in their purpose; if that inscribed, Forbid me Lord, was drawn, they desisted at least for a whole year. If that on which nothing was written happened to be drawn, they draw a second time.

During this impostor's short reign.

man, who knew that the ears of the Magus had been cut off by Cyrus or Cambyses, procured information by his own daughter, a concubine of Smerais', that his ears were really awanting: he, Darius-Hystaspis, Gobrias, and four other princes, after What tends quickly to pierce, pain, binding themseives by an oath to siay or destroy, is called arrows. The the Magus, or perish in the attempt, arrows of God, are the terrible appre-rushed into the palace, and killed him hensions or impressions of his wrath, and his brother. which wound, pain, and torment the conscience, Job vi. 4. Psal. xxxviii. 2.|| of five months, Bishlam, Mituredath, And his various judgments, thunder,|| Tabeel, Renum the chancellor, Saimlightning, tempests, famine, and eve- shai, and their Samaritan tribes, ry other distress, 2 Sam. xxii. 15. wrote him a letter, bearing, that JeEzek. v. 16. Hab. iii. 11. Lam. iii.rusalem had been formerly a very 12; and his word and spiritual influence, which are sharp and powerful in piercing and turning the hearts of sinners, Psal. xlv. 5. The arrows of wicked men, are their malicious purposes, Psal. xi. 2. and their false, abusive, and slanderous words, Prov. xxv. 18. Jer. ix. 8. Psal. lxiv. 3; and their means of doing hurt to others, Psal. lvii. 4. Prov. xxvi. 18; all which are very piercing, and painful to endure; and may do hurt of a sudden. The falling of the Turks' arrows out of their hand, imports their being quite dispirited, and incapable to use their armour against the newly converted Jews, Ezek. xxxix. 3.

ARTAXERXES, Smerdis, Mardus, Sphendadates, Oropastes. AHASUERUS Cambyses, while he ravaged Egypt, left Patizithes the Magus to govern the Persian state. Hearing that Cambyses had murdered his only brother Smerdis, Patizi-|| thes, considering how much his own brother Smerdis resembled the murdered prince, set him on the throne in Cambyses' absence; and gave out that he was the real brother of the king. Informed hereof, Cambyses marched homeward to dethrone him; but dying by the way, he begged his nobles to pull down Smerdis, who he affirmed was not his brother, but a Magian impostor. To clear the mat ter with certainty, Ostanes a noble

powerful and rebellious city; and that if it was rebuilt, he might expect the Jews would quickly revolt, and deprive him of all his tribute, to the west of the Euphrates. His reply to this ietter imported, that upon inspection of the ancient histories, he found it to be as they nad suggested; and ordered them to stop the Jews rebuilding of either city or temple, till they had further orders from him, Ezra iv. 7—24.

ARTAXERXES-Longimanus was the youngest son of Xerxes, and grandson of Darius-Hystaspis. Artabanus, captain of the guards, intending to seize the Persian throne for himself, privately murdered Xerxes his father, and persuaded Artaxerxes, that Darius his elder brother had done it, and intended to murder him likewise. On this information, Artaxerxes flew directly to the apartment of his brother Darius, and with the assistance of Artabanus and the guards killed him on the spot. His second brother Hystaspis being in Scythia, Artabanus placed Artaxerxes on the throne, intending to pull him down at pleasure, and seize it himself: but his murder and treason coming to light, he was quickly punished with the loss of his life. His friends raised an army to revenge his death, but were totally crushed. After a war of two years, Hystaspis and his par