Antony, with the Spaniards, Rheti- || purchased, promises, offers, effects, maintains, and perfects our faith, life, and salvation, Heb. xii. 2. and v. 9. Acts iii. 15.

AUTHORITY. (1.) Power, RULE, dignity, Prov. xxix. 2. (2.) Majesty and efficacy, tending to awaken the conscience, and gain the heart, Matt. vii. 29. (3.) A warrant, order, or permission from a superior, Matth. xxi. 23. Acts ix. 14.

ans, Parthians, and Arabs; to mention his friendship to Herod the Great, and to the Jews of Egypt and Cyrene; or his sorting of the Sybilline books, and destroying whatever he thought forged and corrupted, is scarce to our present purpose. His mild government made happy a great part of the known world, and almost extirpated the Romans' prejudice against absolute monarchy. But the To AWAKE; (1.) To rouse one's whoredoms of his daugter Julia, and self or another from natural sleep, her children, and other family disor-Gen. xxviii. 16. 1 Kings xviii. 27.ders, rendered his life a burden to (2.) To bestir one's self, Judg. v. 12. himself. At last, after declaring T1- || (3.) To raise, or arise from death naBERIUS his successor, and tendering tural or spiritual, Jonn xi. 11. Job him a number of excellent instructions, he caused himself to be dressed as a stage-player, and then asked his friends, if he had acted his part well. He no sooner heard that he had, than he expired in the arms of Livia his beloved wife, in the 75th year of his age, 56th of his reign, and 15th after our Saviour's birth.

AVIM. See HIVITES.

xiv. 12. God awakes to the judgment he hath commanded, when he openly and eminently displays his power and other perfections in punishing his enemies, and rescuing his people, Psal. vii. 6. His sword of justice awaked, when terribly displayed in full execution of the vengeance due to our sin, on Christ, Zech. xiii. 7.—— Christ is awaked before he please, when AVITES, a tribe of the Samari- any thing is done to disturb or intertans, which came from Avah, or I-rupt his sensible fellowship with his vah, which we suppose to have been people, Song ii. 7. and iii. 5. and somewhere on the north-west of Chal- || viii. 4. The north wind awakes, and dea, and was destroyed by Sennache-blows on our garden, when the Holy rib: they worshipped the idols Nib-Ghost powerfully convinceth our haz and Jartak, 2 Kings xvii. 24, 31. conscience, and that of others in the Isa. xxxvii. 13. church, Song iv. 16; but some understand it of the ceasing of trouble. We awake out of the snare of the devil, awake because our salvation is AVOUCH, solemnly to choose, near, awake that Christ may give us and avow our interest in, Deut. xxvii. light, awake to righteousness, when 17, 18. conscious of our danger and an apAUSTERE, of a stern and dis-proaching eternity, we shake off our maying countenance; churlish; gree-spiritual sloth and unconcern, and dy; cruel; hard; unreasonable, Luke with great earnestness study to know and receive Jesus Christ and his AUTHOR, the first inventor or righteousness; and in his strength to maker of any thing. God is the au- follow holiness in all manner of conthor of peace: he requires it by his versation, 2 Tim. ii. † 26. Rom. xiii. law; directs how to attain or main-11. Eph. v. 14. 1 Cor. xv. 34. tain it: he promises it in his word, and bestows it by his Spirit, 1 Cor. xiv. 33. Christ is the author of faith, life, and salvation: he devised, he

AVOID; to shun; to keep far off; to withdraw from, Prov. iv. 15. 1 Sam. xviii. 11.

xix. 21.

AWARE, taking notice, Luke xi. 44.

AWAY, at a distance, 2 Chron. XXXV. 23. It signifies also detesta

tion, and desire to have one cut off, John xix. 15. God could not away with the Jewish new moons, sabbaths, and calling of assemblies, when he disrelished, or detested them on account of the wickedness of the observers, and the carnal, hypocritical, and wicked manner of observation, Isai.

i. 13.

AWE, reverential impression of fear, Psal. xxxiii. 8. An awe of God's greatness, power, justice, holiness, and mercy, and of eternal things, deters and dissuades one from sinning, Psal. iv. 4.

AWL, a small boring instrument used by shoemakers and others, Exo. xxi. 6.

AXE, a sharp instrument for cutting or hewing of wood, Deut. xix. 5. -The Assyrians and Chaldeans are likened to an axe; by them God cut down, destroyed, and scattered the nations around, Isa. x. 15. Jer. 1. 21. The are was laid to the root of the tree with the Jews. In Christ's time the destructive judgments of God were ready to be executed on their church and state, if they did not speedily receive Christ, repent of their sin, and bring forth good works, Matth. iii. 10.

||

Azariah

were glad to court his favour with presents. His army amounted to 310,000, of which, 2600 were valiant commanders; and Jeiel, Maascial, and Hananiah, were chief generals. He built a vast many forts: he fortified his cities; and furnished his army with shields, spears, helmets, habergeons, bows and slings. He caused his artificers to make for him curious engines, to throw huge stones to a great distance, and to shoot arrows with uncommon force. Mewhile, by his example, he encouraged every kind of husbandry. While the pious ZECHARIAH continued his counsellor, Uzziah's conduct was regular: but, after his death, his prosperity rendering him proud, he rushed into the temple to burn incense. the high-priest boldly checked him, and told him, that his unhallowed attempt to burn incense should issue to his shame. While Uzziah stood enraged hereat, the leprosy began to appear in his forehead; the priests thrust him directly from the temple; nay, himself hasted to get out. He continued a leper till he died, dwelling in a separate house, and his son Jotham managed the affairs of the kingdom, 2 Kings xv. 2 Chron. xxvi. AZARIAH. See AнAZIAH. Josephus will have the great earth(2.) AZARIAH, or Uzzian king quake to have happened that moment of Judah. At 16 years of age he in which Uzziah was struck with the succeeded his father Amaziah, A. M. leprosy: nothing can be more evi3194, and reigned 52 years: his mo-dently false. The earthquake hapther's name was Jecholiah. His per-pened two years after Amos began to sonal behaviour was right before God, but he neglected to demolish the high places, or to restrain the people from sacrificing therein. In the first part || of his reign he was extremely successful: he terribly mauled the Phi- || listines, brake down the walls of Gath, Jabneh and Ashdod, and built forts for himself in their country: he routed the Arabs of Gurbaal, and the Mehunins, both which, I suppose, dwelt on the south-west of Caliaan; and spread his terror to the entrance of Egppt. The Ammonites, though at a considerable distance eastward,

prophecy; and consequently, during the reign of Jeroboam, and in, or before the 15th year of Uzziah, twelve years at least before Jotham was born, and about thirty before he was capable to govern the state; compare Amos i. 1. 2 Kings xiv. 23. and xv. 33.

(3.) AZARIAH, the son of Oded, a prophet, who, after the defeat of the Cushites, remonstrated to Asa the low state of religion, and that happiness was only to be expected in the way of serving God; and encouraged him to proceed farther in reforming the kingdom: his admonition was

The frequency of this name, which signifies the help of the Lord, tempts me to think that the pious Hebrews lived much under a sense of their dependence on God, and the favours which he shewed them.

obeyed, 2 Chron. XV.-JEHOSHAPHAT || ner related; the 5th was high-priest had two sons of this names; they and under Hezekiah; and the 6th under their brethren Jeheil, Zechariah, Mi- Josiah, 1 Chron. vi. 1-14. 2 Chron. chael, and Shephatiah were portion- xxxi. 10. There were others of this ed out before their father's death; name after the captivity; one of but soon after murdered by JEHORAM whom attended Ezra from Babyion; their elder brother, 2 Chron. xxi. 2-another repaired part of the wall of 4, 13. We find four other princes|| Jerusalem, under Nehemiah, Ezra of this name; two under Solomon, vii. 3. Neh. iii. 23. the one the son of Nathan the prophet, 1 Kings iv. 2, 5, 15.-Another, who, along with Berechiah, Jehizkiah, and Amasa the son of Hadlai, at the instigation of Oded the prophet, opposed the bringing of the Jewish captives taken from AHAZ into Samaria: they represented the guilt of the ten tribes to be already too great; and that the retaining of these captives of their brethren would add to it. They got such of them, as needed, to be cloathed and shod, and all of them sufficiently supplied with victuals; for such as were weak, they provided asses: and thus, in the most generous manner, carried them back to Jericho, 2 Chron. xxviii. 11, -15. Another prince of this name, and son of Hoshaiah, along with Johanan the son of Kareah, accused Jeremiah of dissembling; and, contrary to the warning of God, went down into Egypt, and carried Jeremiah along with them, Jer. xliii. 2. We find six priests of this name, a son and a grandson of Zadok; which last is by some thought the same with Amaria the high-priest under Jehoshaphat, 1 Kings iv. 2. 1 Chron. vi. .9. 2 Chron. xix. 11; the third a grandson of the last mentioned; the next withstood UZZIAH in the man

AZAZEL. Our version rightly renders it the scape-goat led to the wilderness on the great day of FAST of EXPIATION. Some think it denotes a horrid precipice, over which the goat was thrown headlong. Witsius, Cocceius, and others, will have it to signify Satan, to whom they say this goat was abandoned in the wilderness, as a type of Christ led by the Spirit into the desart, to be tempted by the devil; or led by Pilate and the Jews to have his heel bruised; his life taken without the gate, Lev. xvii. 10.

AZYMITES, in church history. Christians who administer the eucharist with unleavened bread. The word is formed from the Greek, translated, ferment.-This appellation is given to the Latin by the Greek church, because the members of the former use fermented bread in the celebration of the eucharist. They also call the Armenians and Maronites by the same name, and for the same reason. Ency.

B

AAL, which signifies lord or hus- The Moabites had begun their worband, did perhaps in the carliest ship of Baal before the days of Moages signify the true God. It is cer- ses; and the Hebrews began theirs in tain that it was a very common name his time, Num. xxii. 41. Psal. cvi. 28. of the principal male-idols of the east, They relapsed into that idolatry after as Ashtaroth was a pretty common the death of Joshua; and under the one for their female deities. The judges Ehud, Gideon, and Jephtnah, Moabites, Phoenicians, Assyrians, Judg. ii. 13. and iii. 7. and vi. 25. Chaldeans, and often the Hebrews, and x. 6. Samuel seems to have had their Baal; and which, from quite abolished the worship of this his place of worship, or supposed idol from Israel, 1 Sam. vii. 4. but office, had often distinguished epi-Ahab and Jezebel, above 200 years thets annexed; as Baal-berith, Ba-afterward, re-imported it from Zidon, peor, Baal-zebub, &c. Often this in all the abominations thereof: 450 name Baal was a part of the names priests were appointed to attend his of persons and citics, perhaps to sig-service; and near as many for Ashnily, that the most of them were de- taroth. These priests of Baal were dicated to his service. This the pious extremely disgraced at mount CarHebrews sometimes turned into Bosh-mel; their god appeared quite reeth, which signifies shame; Thus Je-gardless of their crics, and slashing rubbal is turned into Jerubbesheth; of their flesh, to move his pity. Nay, Eshbaal into Ishbosaeth; Meribaal the impotence of their idol being disinto Mephibosheth, Judg. vi. 33. with covered, they were, by Elijah's or 2 Sam. xi. 21. 1 Chron. viii. 32, 34. ders, apprehended and slain. Jehowith 2 Sam. ii. 12. and ix. 6. This ram the son of Ahab did not worship idol is somtimes represented as a fe- Baal himself, but his subjects conmale-deity, Rom. xi. 4. Gr. and, on tinued to do so. After his death, the other hand, Ashtaroth is some-Jehu, pretending a superlative regard times represented as a male. Baal is often named BAALIM in the plural, perhaps because there were many Baals, at least many images of him.

for Baal, convened his prophets and priests into his temple, and there put them all to the sword. Not long after Jehoiada abolished the worship of Baal from Judah; but Ahaz and Manasseh reintroduced it. Josiah reabolished it; but it was restored by his sons, 1 Kings xvi. 31. and xviii. Kings iii. 1. and x. and xi. d xvii. 16. and xxi. 3. and xxiii. 3, 5. Jer. xix. 5.*

Who the first Baal was, whether the Chaldean Nimiod, or Belus, or the Tyrian Hercules, &c. is not so evident, as that the Phoenicians adored the sun under that name; though. per-2 haps their idolatry described to us by profane writers is not the most ancient, but a more recent form introduced by the Assyrians. Every sort of abominations was committed on the festivals of this idol, and of Ashtaroth his mate. In his Chamanim or temples, was kept a perpetual fire: altars were erected to him in groves, high places, and on the tops of houses, Jer. xxxii. 35. 2 Kings xvii. 16. and

xxiii. 4-12. Hos. iv. 14.

"So prevailing was the propensity of the Israelites to every kind of idolatry, that there was hardly any neighbouring nation with which they had any intercourse, whose gods they did not worship. While they were but newly come out of Egypt, and before the wound, they had received on account of the affair of the golden calf, was healed, they were induced by the

BAALAH. (1.) Kirjati-Baal, or KIRJATH-JEARIM, Josh. xv. 9. (2.) BAALAH OF BALAH, a city transferred from the tribe of Judah to the Simeonites, Josh. xv. 29. and xix. 3. These cities appear denominated from Baal, as well as the following. BAALATH, a city of the tribe of Dan, Josh. xix. 44. Whether it was this, or Baalbeck at the head of the ABANA, that Solomon built we know not, 1 Kings ix. 18. See AVEN.

BAAL-GAD, a city at the north-west foot of mount Hermon, in the vall. y of Lebanon, at the north-east point of the promised land; or perhaps a top of Hermon, Josh. xi. 7. and xii. 7.

BAAL-HANAN, the son of Achbor, and 7th king of the Edomites: his name, which signifies the grace and pity of Baal, inclines me to think that the worship of Baal had then prevailed among the Edomites, as well as the Canaanites, Gen. xxxvi. 38.

BAAL-HAZOR, a city near Ephraim,

BAALATH-BEER, BAAL, a city of the Simeonites, probably on the south-about 8 miles north-east of Jerusalem, west border. If it be the same as south Ramah, or Ramoth, David sent to the inhabitants part of the spoil which he took from the Amalekites, Josh. xix. 8. 1 Chron. iv. 33. 1 Sam. xxx. 27.

BAAL-BERITH, the idol worship-|| ped in his temple at Shechem, and by the rest of the Israelites after the death of Gideon, Judg. viii. 33.Perhaps it was the same as the Phonician Berith or Beroe, the daughter of their Venus and Adonis; or rather it is Baal as the guardian of covenants; the same with the Horkios of the Greeks, and the Jupiter sponsor, or Fidus ultor, of the Ro

mans.

between Bethel and Jericho. It is commonly thought to be the same as Hazor-hadattah, in the lot of Judah, Josh. xv. 25; but if so, its situation ought to be placed more to the south. -Here ABSALOM had his shearingfeast, and murdered his brother, 2 Sam. xiii. 23.

BAAL-HERMON, a part of mount Hermion, Judg. iii. 3.

BAALIS, king of the Ammonites: he sent Ishmael the son of Nethaniah to murder GEDALIAH, Nebuchadnezzar's deputy over the Jews, who were left in the land: but he paid dear for his conduct, when the Chaldeans soon after invaded his country, and reduced it to a desart, Jer. xl. 17.

BAAL-MEON, BETHBAAL-MEON, BEON. Perhaps SIHON took it from the Moabites: the Hebrews took it from him, and it was given to the Reubenites; but the Moabites recovered it; and at last it was destroyed by the Chaldeans, Numb. xxxii. 38. Ezek. xxv. 9. It however seems tỏ have been rebuilt, and to have been a city in the time of the Maccabees.

women of Moab to venture upon the abo minable rites used in the worship of Baalpeor. After their settlement in the land of Canaan, they served Baalim and Ashtaroth, and the gods of Syria, and the gods of Zidon, and the gods of Moab, and the gods of the children of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines, Judges x. 6. There was, indeed, nothing ridiculous in the worship of Astarte or Dagon; nothing absurd in the service of Baal-zebub, nothing cruel or inhuman in the sacrifices of Moloch, or ob. BAAL-PEOR, an idol of the Moabscene in the worship of Priapus or Miph-ites and Midianites. Some think him lezet, the idol which Maacha the mother of Asa made, 1 Kings xv. 13. Heb. which the Israelites were ashamed to borrow from the Sidonians, the Ammonites, the Moabites, the Philistines or Phamicians.Hence God compares Israel, his professing people, to a woman who is so abandoned that she not only admits, but invites the adulterous embraces of her neighbours, Jer. iii. 2. Ezek. xvi. 15, 25, 28, 29."

VOL. I.

Witzius Egyliaca.

the same with Mizraim or Osiris of the Egyptians, or with Priapus of the Greeks. It is said, that the filthiest rites were used in his worship, as discovering of nakedness, and emission of excrements before him; but perhaps all this is fable: and he had the name of Peor from the place of his temple, as Jupiter was called OlymS