numerous as swarms of canker-worms; but the Medes and Chaldeans, like canker-worms, or cock chaffers, quick

them, and cats up their flesh as fire; the covetous hoarding it up from use, is attended with painful anxiety, and brings on a fearful curse, and endlessly eat up and destroyed them; and torment, Jam. v. 3.† after they had spoiled all their wealthy merchants, went off with their booty, Nah. iii. 15, 16.

CANKER-WORM: we generally understand by it, a creeping insect, which terribly devours the fruits of the CANNEH. See CALNEH. carth; but it is plain, from Nah. iii. CAPERNAUM, a principal city 16. that the YELEK‡ is a flying insect, of Galilee.* It was not probably and so must be a kind of locust, pro-built till after the Babylonish captivibably the same with the cockchaffer. vity; stood on the western shore Prodigious swarms of these, not long of the sea of Tiberias, in the border ago, so wasted the country in Galway of Zebulun and Naphtali. It receivin Ireland, that, in summer, trees anded its name from a clear fountain fields appeared equally bare as in hard by. Here Christ much resided winter. The poor people eat multi-and taught. By the enjoyment of his tudes of them. They, by licking, miracles and ministrations, it was exconsume and waste the fruits of the alted to heaven in privilege; and, for earth, Joel i. 4. The Assyrians were neglecting to improve them aright, was thrust down to hell, in the eternal damnation of many of its inhabitants ; and in its fearful sufferings from the Romans; and in its subsequent forlorn condition, Matth. iv. 15. and xi. 23.

t Belloste prescribes the following as the most efficacious remedy known for gangrenes; viz. quicksilver, dissolved in double the quantity of spirit of nitre, or aqua fortis, a linen cloth being dipped therein and applied to the gangrenous part. This alone he assures us, was sufficient. If the gangrene be occasioned by an intense frost; snow-water, or a linen cloth dipped in cold water and applied to the part affected, Boerhaave directs as the best cure. Cham, Cyclo.

CAPHTOR, an island or country. I am almost surprised to find the great Bochart follow a number of others in taking this for Cappadocia, on the frontiers of Colchis, and south shore of the Euxine sea.-What possible whim could have determined the Caphtorim, or Philistines, the descendants of Mizraim in Egypt, to

The Hebrew word Felek is also rendered Caterpillar, Psal. cv. 34. Jer. l. 27. $ Some think it probable that the cock-trip off from so fertile a country to chaffer or beetle, is that kind of insect to the coasts of the Euxine sea; and which the Egyptians paid divine honours; upon little more than a sight of the and for which they had such high venera-place, trip back to the south-west tion, that they frequently engraved its fi-corner of Canaan, and settle there gure on their obelisks. The same Egyp before the birth of Abraham, at least tians worshipped the other great destroyer of their country, the crocodile; and the Ro- not long after? With far more apmans a much more civilized people, built pearance of argument, Calmet, cona temple to the disease which raged most tends, that Caphtor was the isle of among them, the fever. And the more Crete. It is certain, Caphtor is callignorant and superstitious in that part ofed an island, Jer. xlvii. † 4. The Europe where swarms of this insect appeared, were much of the same opinion, and rather reverenced than destroyed them; saying, that they were the ghosts of their dead friends killed at the battle of Aghrim, who were come in this form to pester and annoy their heretical enemies, the English protestants.

Cham. Cyclo.

This city was situated on an eminence at the north end of the lake of Genesareth. Its name, signifying, the village of consolation, is supposed to have been taken from an adjoining spring, in great reputation for its crystalline flowing waters.

seventy Interpreters, and Apocryphai CAPPADOCIA; a country havwriters, alway represent the Philis-ing the Euxine sea on the north, Artines as come from another place. menia the Greater on the south, GaIt is certain, the Cherethites, or Cre-latia and Pamphylia on the west, and thim, were a tribe of the Philistines, Cilicia on the east. Probably this if it was not once the proper name country was peopled by the descendof the whole nation, Ezek. xxv. 16. ants of Togarmah. It was famous Zeph. ii. 5. 1 Sam. xxx. 14. And, for horses and flocks; and traded who sees not, that Chrethim is the with the Tyrians in horses and mules, very same with Cretes or Cretians, Ezek. xxvii 14. It is like, Cappaone of the most ancient nations in docia was a province of the kingdom the isles of the Mediterranean sea? of Lydia. According to Herodotus, Crete was very anciently stocked, if it next passed to the Medes, and then not overstocked, with inhabitants; to the Persians, whose worship the and had an hundred cities, as carly inhabitants embraced, and afterwards as the Trojan war, which could not || added to it part of the idolatry of the be later than the days of Jehoshaphat, Greeks. How some ancient authors if it was not near 300 years sooner. came to call them [Leucosyri,] or The language, manners, arms, and White Syrians, I know not. The idols of the ancient Cretians were the Cappadocians had kings of their own, same as those of the Philistines. Ga- from the time of Cyrus, to a little afza, a chief city of the Philistines, was ter the birth of our Saviour, when the called Minoa, after Minos, a celebrat- country was reduced to a Roman proed king of Crete. The whole of this vince. From the Roman emperors reasoning, however, can only con- of the cast, it passed unto the Turks. vince me, that the Cretians and Phi- While Heathenism prevailed, the listines sprung from the same root, Cappadocians were famous for their and maintained an intercourse with wickedness, chiefly their lewdness; one another. And it appears more but Christianity was early planted reasonable to believe the Cretians a among them, perhaps by means of colony of the Philistines, than to be- some who were converted by Peter's lieve that the offspring of Mizraim, sermon at Pentecost, Acts ii. 9. Pewithout any reason, left Egypt, and ter wrote his first epistle partly to the sailed into Crete, and so stocked that Christian Jews of this place, 1 Pet. island, that in, or before, the days of i. 1. Christianity flourished consiAbraham, they beloved to send back.derably here, and a number of fa their supernumeraries to Canaan. mous bishops laboured in the work The Jewish writers interpret Caph- of the Lord. We can trace the histor of Caphutkia, by which they un-tory of Christianity in this country derstand a part of Lower Egypt, till the 9th century; nor is it yet alchiefly Damietta, or Damiata, be- together abolished. tween the streams of the Nile. This opinion is every way probable. Here is Caphor, properly enough called an island here is a place where one might expect to find the Caphtorim, descended from MIZRAIM: here was the city Coptus, probably enough framed from Caphtor, the son of Casluhim, and father of the Caphtorim, which were either the same as, or the brethren of, the Philistines, Gen. x. 14. Amos ix. 7. Jer. xlvii. 4.

CAPTAIN; an officer of a troop or army, Deut. i. 15. A king, prince, or head of a family or tribe, is called a captain. In due order, his inferiors are marshalled under him, and may be led forth to war by him, 1 Sam. ix. 19. Numb. ii. 3. Christ is the Captain of our salvation. To purchase our salvation, with what wis dom and courage, he attacked and conquered sin, Satan, and the world! How graciously he subdues our heart

to himself, leads us to glory through || They themselves pretend to be the much opposition, and directs and en- remains of the ten tribes led captive ables us to vanquish our spiritual by Shalmaneser. Wolfius, from the foes! Heb. ii. 10; and he was the Memoirs of Mardacheus, a Carite, Captain of the Lord's host of Israel, refers their origin to a massacre awho directed, encouraged and pro-mong the Jewish doctors, under Atected them in their war with the lexander Jannæus, their king, about Canaanites, &c. Josh. v. 14. The 100 years before Christ. Wolfius Chaldean captains opened their mouths reckons not only the Sadducees, but in the slaughter, when they gave or- also the Scribes in the number of the ders for their murderous attacks; or Caraites. The works of the Caraites the word may denote the destrctive coming into the hands of only a few, battering-rams, Ezek. xxi. 22. The they are but little known, even among Antichristian captains, are their chief the greatest Hebraists: Buxtorf ncrulers in church or state, who com- ver saw more than one; Seldon two; mand, direct, or excite others to op- but Mr. Trigland says he has recopose the Redeemer, Rev. xix. 18. vered enough to speak of them with CAPTIVE; one taken prisoner assurance: he asserts, that soon fafin war. There is a threefoid capti- ter the prophets had ceased, the Jews vity: (1.) Natural, when men are became divided on the subject of works apprehended by the enemy, and are and supererogation: some maintaincarried out of their own land, and ing their necessity from tradition; held in slavery, Deut. xxviii. 27, 48. whilst others keeping close to the (2.) Evangelic, when one is appre-written law, set them aside; and it hended and drawn by Christ's al- was from these last that Caraitism mighty love, and hath his whole commenced. heart and affections subdued to the obedience of faith, 2 Cor. x. 5. (3.) Sinful, when one is carried away, and oppressed or enslaved under the power of Satan, and his own inward corruption, Rom. vii. 23. 2 Tim. ii. 26. Captivity also signifies a multi-lowers of the Rabbins. tude of captives, who had made others captive. Jesus leads captivity captive, when he makes devils and wicked men serve as his slaves in promoting his work; and when he apprehends and subdues his people by the word of his grace; and places them in their new-covenant state, Psal. Ixviii 18. Barak led captivity captive, when he took prisoners the Canaanites, who just before had terribly enslaved Israel, Judg. v. 12. The various turns of servitude and captivity that happened to the Hebrews will be seen under the articles ISRAEL and JUDAH.

CARAITES, in the ecclesiastical history of the Jews. There is much dispute among the learned, who were the Caraites, and whence their origin.

The modern Caraites, Leo, of Modena observes, have their synagogues and ceremonies; they pretend to be the sole proper Jews, or observers of the laws of Moses; calling the rest by the name of Rabbanim, or fol

Peringer observes of the Caraites in Lithuania, that their mother tongue is the Turkish, which they use in their schools and synagogues; that in visage they resemble the Mahometan Tartars. Their synagogues are placed north and south; and their reason for it is because Shalmaneser brought them northward: so that in praying, to look to Jerusalem, they must turn to the south. He adds that they admit all the books of the Old Testament, contrary to the opinion of many of the learned, who hold that they || reject all but the Pentateuch. Ency.

CARBUNCLE; a very elegant jewel, of a deep red, mingled with scarlet, second in value to the diamond, and of equal hardness with the sapphire. It is generally of an angu

sover the carcase is, thither shall the eagles be gathered together. Some have interpreted these words, Wheresoever a crucified Redeemer is preach

lar form, about a quarter of an inch in length, and a sixth part of one in breadth. But the king of Ceylon in the East Indies, where the finest carbuncles are found, hath one about foured, thither shall hungry sinners, and

inches broad, and three thick, of the affectionate saints, gather to him.brightness of fire. Carbuncles bear But the context shows that the real the fire without the least alteration; meaning is, That wheresoever the but when they are held up against corrupt Jews, who had lost the true the sun, they lose their beautiful religion and zeal for God, and waltinge, and become like a burning lowed in the most abominable wickcharcoal. They are very rare, foundedness, should hide or secure themonly in the East Indies, that I know selves, whether in cities or fields, of; but it seems the Tyrian king had thither should the eagle-bannered and his robes set thick with these spark- ravaging Roman armies come, and ling stones of fire, Ezek. xxviii. 13. || find them out, Matth. xxiv. 28. Luke The carbuncle in the high-priest's xvii. 37. Job xxxix. 30. breastplate, might figure out the saints, as having their faith tried in the furnace of affliction; and having their hearts flaming with love and holy zeal for the honour of God, Exodus xxviii. 17. The carbuncle gates of the church, may denote Jesus in his flaming love, and fiery suffering, as the means of our access to God; or holy, compassionate, and zealous ministers, who, with due trial, admit persons into the visible church; or that bright and burning love which flows from that faith by which we enter into our new-covenant state, Isa. liv. 12.

CARCHEMISH; a city on the bank of the Euphrates, and probably the same with Circesium, on the east side of that river. About the downfall of the Assyrian empire, the Egyptians seized on it; but Nebuchadnezzar, after giving Pharaoh-necho a terrible defeat hard by it, took it, and cut the garrison to pieces, Isa. x. 9. 2 Chron. xxxv. 20. Jer. xlvi. 1—12.

CARE; thought and concern about a thing. God's providence towards his creatures, especially his people, is called his care for them. He considers their case, preserves their existence and powers, governs CARCASE; the dead body of a their acts, and promotes their welman or beast, Numb. xiv. 25. Idols fare, Matth. vi. 26, 30. 1 Cor. ix. 9. are called carcases, because lifeless 1 Pet. v. 7. Men's care is either, and abominable. Jer. xvi. 18 The (1.) Lawful, consisting in a serious. carcases of Jewish kings, that defiled thought, and earnest endeavour to God's house, are either the idolatrous please God, embracing his Son, aimages of their kings, or human bo- beying his law, turning from sin; dies sacrificed to Moloch, Ezek. xliii. and to promote our neighbour's tem7,9. Christ's witnesses are like un-poral or spiritual advantage; and in buried carcases, when they are in a a moderate endeavour to gain a comvery weak and languishing condition, petent portion of the good things of inhumanly used by the Papists, and this life, 2 Cor. vii. 11, 12. Phil. ii. yet not permitted by Providence to be 20. 1 Pet. v. 7. (2.) Sinful, in enutterly undone, Rev. xi. 8, 9. The deavouring to fulfil sinful lusts or carcases of transgressors, whose worm pleasures; and in immoderate condieth not, and their fire is not quench-cern and endeavour to obtain carnal ed, are the Jews and Antichristians advantages; such care is forbidden, fearfully distressed by divine judg- Matth. vi. 34. and Phil. iv. 6. The ments, and the damned for ever tor- cares of this world, that choke the mented in hell, Isa. Ixvi. 24. Where-word of God, and render it infruit

their top grace, enters within the vail, has a wide prospect, and is extremely delightful, and fruitful in good works, Song vii. 5. But the word may be rendered crimson.

ful, are immoderate and anxious con- || like Carmel; Jesus their head of gocern for earthly enjoyments, which vernment and influence is infinitely prevents the word from having a pro-high, glorious, and fruitful: hope, per effect on our heart, Matth, xiii. 22. To eat bread with care or carefulness, is to do it under pinching straits, and under apprehensions of terrible judgments, Ezek. iv. 16. and xii. 18, 19. We are not careful to answer thee in this matter; we need give no answer in words, being ready to manifest our fixed resolution by the enduring of suffering, Dan. iii. 16.

CARNAL; fleshly, sensual, sinful. Worldly enjoyments are carnal; they but please and support the body, Rom. xv. 27. 1 Cor. ix. 11. Ministers' weapons are not carnal, are not merely human and natural, 2 Cor. x. 4. The ceremonial ordinances were carnal; they related immediately to the bodies of men and beasts, Heb. vii. 16. and ix. 10.

Wicked men are carnal, and and carnally minded; are under the dominion of their sinful lusts, and habitually think of, desire after, and delight in, sinful and fleshly pleasures and enjoyments, Rom. viii. 6, 7.Saints, especially if weak, are carnal ; much sin continues in, and prevails over them; and their care for, and delight in, worldly things is great, Rom. vii. 14. 1 Cor. xiii. 1-4.

CARMEL. (1.) A city, situate in a mountain of the same name, in the south part of the inheritance of Judah, about ten miles south-east of Hebron. Here Saul erected a triumphal monument, as he returned from the slaughter of the Amalekites. Here Nabal the Carmelite dwelts and here it is said, the Romans, many ages after, had a garrison, 1 Sam. xv. 12. and xxv. 2. (2.) A pleasant hill on the coast of the Mediterrancan sea, about 16 miles north-west from Jezreel, in the border between Issachar and Manasseh. It abounded with vines and olives, and at the west foot of it, was a fishing of the Carmel or purple fish. Here Elijah offered his famed sacrifice, and was answered by a fire from heaven, and ordered the 450 prophets of Baal to be slain, 1 Kings xviii. 19 -40. Here the Heathens, in after CARPENTER; a wright, [or arages, revered a noted deity, without ficer in wood,] 2 Kings xii. 11. Reimage or temple, but merely an altar. forming magistrates and ministers, To this deity the Roman emperor like carpenters, rectify the frame of Vespasian sacrificed; and consulted church and state, and duly join and it, whether he should obtain the em- polish the various members thereof, pire. About A. D. 1180, an order of Zerubbabel, Joshua, Ezra, Nehemiah. Carmelite friars were appointed, who or Mattathias, with his sons, Judas, erected a monastery here, and pretend Jonathan, and Simeon, were the four to be the successors of the children carpenters that frayed away the four of the prophets left here by Elijah.-horns, the harassing Samaritans, AraAny fertile place is called Carmel or bians, Philistines, and Syrians, Zech. Sharon, Isa. xxix. 17. and xxxii. 15. i. 20.* and xxxii. 9.* The saints' head is

* In the two former of these places Carmel is, in our translation, rendered fruitful field.

CARNEDDE, in British antiquity, denotes heaps of stones supposed to be Druidical remains, and thrown together on occasion of confirming and commemorating a covenant, Gen. xxxi. 46. Ency.

*The four horns, according to Vitringa, were the Babylonians or Chaldeans, the Persians or Medes in respect of their satraps or governors, who oppressed the Jews, Darius Codomannus, and the Syro