terest.

vited all his brethren except Solomon, || with Hoham king of Hebron, Piram whom, he knew, his father had de-king of Jarmuth, Japhia king of Lasigned for his successor on the throne, || chish, and Debir king of Egion, to and all the great men of Judah, ex-attack and punish the Gibeonites; cept such as were in Solomon's in-and so deter others from submission to the Hebrew invaders. The Gi While they caroused at their cups, beonites begged the protection of Is and wished Adonijah an happy reign,||rael, and quickly obtained it. Joshua Nathan the prophet got intelligence encountered the allied troops of the of their designs. He and Bathsheba five Canaanitish kings, and easily immediately informed king David, routed them; Hailstones of a prodiand applied in favour of Solomon.-gious weight killed vast numbers of Adonijah's opposers were ordered di- the flying remains, even more than rectly to anoint Solomon with the ut- were slain by the sword. The sun most solemnity. Adonijah's party stood still a whole day, till Joshua were alarmed with the shouts of ap- entirely cut off these desperate oppoplause: being fully informed by Jo-sers of heaven. The five kings hid nathan the son of Abiathar, they dis-themselves in a cave near Makkedah. persed in great terror and amazement. Its mouth was stopped with large Deserted by his friends, and sensible stones till the Hebrews had leisure to of his crime, Adonijah fled for pro- execute them. In the afternoon Joshtection to the horns of the altar, pro- ua, returning from the pursuit, caused bably that in the threshing-floor of them to be brought out. After makAraunah. Solomon sent him wording his principal officers trample on that his life should be safe, providing their necks, he slew and hanged he behaved himself circumspectly for them on five trees: At the setting of the future. He came and presented the sun, he ordered their carcases to himself on his knees before Solomon; be thrown into the cave where they and then, at his orders, returned to had lain hid. Quickly after, the cities his own house. Soon after his father's belonging to them, Jerusalem exceptdeath, he made Bathsheba his agented, were taken, and the inhabitants to request, for his wife, Abishag the slain, Josh. 10. Shunammite, who had been his fa- ADOPTION, is either, (1.) Nather's concubine. Solomon suspected tural, whereby one takes a stranger this to be a project to obtain the king-into his family. and deals with him as dom; and being perhaps informed his own child: thus the daughter of otherwise of his treacherous designs,|| Pharaoh adopted Moses; and Morordered Benaiah his general to kill decai, Esther. In this seuse the word him. His death happened about a is never used in scripture. (2.) Nayear after his attempt to usurp the tional, whereby God takes a whole kingdom, 1 Kings i. 5-53. and ii. people to be his peculiar and visible 13-25. church, exercises his special care and ADONIRAM, the principal re- government over them, and bestows ceiver of Solomon's tribute, and di-a multitude of ordinances, and other rector of the 30,000 sent to cut timber in Lebanon, for building the temple and other magnificent structures, 1 Kings v. 14. ADONIZEDEK, king of Jerusa-earth, Rom. ix. 4 (3.) Spiritual, in lem, A. M. 2554. Being informed that Joshua had taken Jericho and Ai, and that the Gibeonites had submitted to Israel, he entered into an alliance

privileges on them. This adoption, for 1500 years, pertained to the Jews; they being during that period the only visible church of God on

which sinful men, by nature children of Satan, disobedience, and wrath, are, upon their union with Christ, graciously taken by God into the in

visible church; and have spiritual || it, borrowed from the Latin, signifies communion and intimacy with Father, properly to carry to one's mouth, to Son, and Holy Ghost; and with an-kiss one's hand, or to kiss something, gels and fellow-saints; and are loved, but with a sense of veneration and taught, governed, corrected, protect-worship. [a] See article Kiss. ed, helped, and provided for; and are ADORN, to deck; make beautientitled to his promises, salvation, ful, 1 Tim. ii. 9. Holiness of nature glory, and fulness, as their everlast- and practice are an adorning. Much ing inheritance. This adoption the care, pains, and attention to the glass saints have received; and of it, the of God's word, are necessary in atHoly Ghost dwelling in them as a taining it; and it renders our nature Spirit of grace and supplication, and and character truly amiable and glotheir holy conversation, are the un-rious, 1 Pet. iii. 4, 5. 1 Tim. ii. 9, 10. doubted evidence, Rom. viii. 15-17. By an holy conversation we adorn the Gal. iv. 6. Jer. iii. 19. John i. 12.doctrine of God; practically shew to (4.) Glorious, in which the saints, the world the purity, power, glory, being raised from the dead, are at the and usefulness of his truths, laws, last day solemnly owned to be the promises, threatenings, Tit. ii. 10. children of God, and have the bliss-The church is adorned when her orful inheritance publicly adjudged to dinances are pure and efficacious, them; and enter, soul and body, into her officers faithful and zealous, her the full possession of it. This the members clothed with the imputed saints now wait for, Rom. viii. 23.* righteousness of Christ, and his sancADORAM; (1.) King David'stifying grace, Isaiah Ixi. 10. Rev. general receiver of the tribute, 2 Sam. xxi. 2. xx. 24. Whether he was the same with ADONIRAM, we know not. (2.) ADORAM OF HADORA, King REHOBOAM's chief treasurer and overseer of his works. His master sent him to deal with the ten revolting tribes, to reduce them to their allegiance. Suspecting him to have been the encourager of their oppressive taxes, or from fury at his master, they stoned him to death on the spot, 1 Kings xii. 18. 2. Chron. x. 18.

ADORE. This word taken in the literal and etymological meaning of

Among the Romans there was a twofold adoption, the one private and the other public. The former was only the act of the person, who was desirous of receiving a stranger into his family, with respect to the object of his choice, and was a transaction between the parties:the latter was an acknowledgment of it in the forum, when the adopted person was solemnly declared and avowed to be the son of the adopter. To this circumstance Mr. Howe supposes the apostle alludes in the words of the text last quoted. Howe's works, vol. i. p. 680.

ADRAMMELECH and ANAMMELECH were two idols of the men of Sepharvaim. In the Hebrew language, and probably in the Assyrian, the first signified magnificent king, and the last gentle king. In the Persian, the first signifies king of flocke; and the last in the Arabic signifies much the same. Possibly both were worshipped as the preservers of cattle. The Jewish Rabbins tell us, that the first was represented as a mule or peacock; and the second as a pheasant, quail, or horse. It is more probable the first represented the sun, and the other the moon, which many of the Heathens took to be the great rulers of the world, 2 Kings xvii. 31.

ADRAMMELECH and SHAREZER were sons of SENNACHERIB. It is possible the former had been named after the above-mentioned idol.Dreading their father's intention to sacrifice them, or conceiving some furious prejudice against him, they murdered him as he worshipped Nisroch his idol, and then fled to the

country of Armenia, Isa. xxxvii. 38. and to ruin the souls and bodies of

2 Kings xix. 37.

men, 1 Pet. v. 8.

ADRAMYTTIUM. (1.) A city on the north coast of Africa, westward of Egypt. (2.) A city on the west coast of Mysia in Lesser Asia, over against the isle of Lesbos. It was in a ship belonging to this place that Paul sailed from Cesarea to Myra,fore-hand, Numb. xxiv. 14. Acts xxvii. 2.

ADVERSITY, distress and trouble, spiritual or temporal, which withstands and checks our attempts; and like a furious wind blows in our face, Psal. x. 6.

ADRIA. At present the Adria, or Adriatick sea, comprehends only that sea on the east of Italy, and which is otherwise called the Gulf of Venice; and seems to have taken its name from Adria, an ancient city, which stood somewhere in the territory of Venice, on the north-east of Italy: But from Ptolemy and Strabo, it appears that the whole sea adjacent to the isle of Sicily, and even the Ionian or Tuscan sea on the southwest of Italy, was anciently called Adria. Somewhere in this sea, the ship that transported Paul to Rome, was terribly tossed, Acts xxvii. 27.

To ADVERTISE, to inform bc

To ADVISE; to give or take counsel or advice, 1 Kings xii. 6.

ADULLAM, a most beautiful city; and hence called the glory of Israel. Some assert it to have been situated in the south-east of the territory of Judah, near the Dead Sea; but it rather appears to have stood in the plain, south-west of Jerusalem, near Jarmuth and Azekah, Josh. xv. 35. It had anciently a king of its own, whom Joshua killed, ch. xii. 15. Near to it, David concealed himself from Saul in a cave; and hither his parents and a number of valiant men resorted to him, 1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2. &c. Rehoboam rebuilt and fortified ait, 2 Chron. xi. 7, 8. Sennacherib's army took and plundered it under Hezekiah, Micah i. 15. Judas Maccabeus and his army solemnly obser

To ADVANCE, to raise to higher station or rank, 1 Sam. xii. 6. ADVANTAGE. (1.) Profit, gain, Job xxxv. 3. (2.) A fair opportunity to prevail over one; or actual pre-ved the Sabbath in the plain adjacent valence over him, 2 Cor. ii. 11. ADVENTURE, to do a thing by exposing one's self to danger, Judg. ix. 25.

ADVERSARY, one who justly or unjustly sets himself in opposition to another; so Peninnah is called the adversary of Hannah, 1 Sam. i. 6. The adversary to be agreed with in the way in not only human opposers, to whom we ought quickly to be reconciled, but chiefly God, with whom we ought to make peace, by receiving his Son, while we are in the way to eternity, lest by death and judgement he suddenly cast us into hell-fire, Matth. v. 25. Luke xii. 58, 59. Satan is emphatically called the adversary. With the most obstinate and implacable malice he sets himself to defame and dishonour God; to reproach, accuse, and harass the saints,

to it. It was a place of some note about 400 years after Christ; but is long ago reduced to ruins.

ADULTERER and ADULTERESS. (1.) Such men and women as commit fleshly impurity, Psal. 1. 18. (2.) Such as induige an excessive love for the things of this world, Jam. iv. 4.

ADULTERY is either natural, which, largely taken, comprehends all manner of unchastity in heart, speech, and behaviour, whether fornication, incest and all unnatural lusts, &c. Exod. xx. 14. But, strictly taken, it denotes uncleanness between a man and woman, one or both of whom are married to another person: thus we must understand it, where death is constituted the penalty, and the persons were not nearly related, Lev. xx. 10. In case one of the persons was, betrothed, the crime and punishment

was

and a half of barley-meal in a frying pan, without either oil or incense, to mark how disagreeable to God the occasion of this offering was. The priest, who prepared the bitter water, then caused her to drink it; put the pan with the meal into her hand, stirred it a little, and burnt part of it on the altar of burnt offering.

If the woman was innocent, this draught confirmed her health, and rendered her fruitful: but if guilty, she immediately grew pale; her eyes started out of her head; her belly swelled; her thighs rotted: she was hurried out of the court, that it might not be polluted with her ignominious death. It is said, her paramour, however distant, was at the same time affected in like manner: but, in case the husband was guilty of whoredom, it is pretended the bitter water had no effect, Numb. v. 12-31.*

was the same as if married, Deut. xxii. 22-27. Reuben's incest with Bilhah is the first act of adultery we read of. Among the Heathens it was long held an horrible crime, Gen. xx. 9. For about 500 years, we read of few or no instances of it in the Roman state. Nor does it appear to have been common till the poets represented their gods as monsters of lust. God appointed for the Jews a method of discovering it, however secret. When a man suspected his wife's fidelity, he warned her to avoid private intercourse with the suspected paramour: if she obeyed not, she was brought before the judges of the place, and the presumptions of her guilt declared. If she continued to assert her innocence, she was tried by the water of jealousy. She was carried to the place of the tabernacle, and temple, and examined before the great council or sanhedrim. If she persisted in her denial, she * The devil, who often mimicks the orbrought to the east gate of the outer dinances of God, led the ancient heathens court, and, before vast numbers of her to use various pretended methods of disown sex, dressed all in black, the covering guilt or innocence, which were priest solemnly adjured her to declare vain and delusive imitations of this trial of a woman suspected of adultery. There is, the truth and represented her dan- says Philostratus, in the neighbourhood of ger in drinking the water of jealousy Tyanæa, a fountain, which is cold at the if she was guilty. She said AMEN; spring-head, and afterwards boils like a importing a solemn wish, that ven- caldron over a hot fire. This, they say, is geance might light on her if guilty. pleasant and wholesome to persons of inThe priest wrote the adjuration andtegrity; but if perjured persons drink it, a consumption seizes their whole body.— curse on a piece of parchment or bark: From the law of jealousy, says Huctius, be then filled a new earthen vessel proceeded the fable of the river Styx; with holy water from one of the sa- which the heathens imagined, was so trecred basons, or perhaps with the wa-mendous, that the Gods themselves were ter of purification: he mingled therewith some dust, taken from the pavement of the tabernacle or temple; and having read the writing to the woman, and received the return of her second AMEN, he washed out the ink, wherewith the adjuration and curse were written, into the mixture of dust and water: mean while, another priest tore the upper part of her clothes, uncovered her head, dishevelled her hair, girt her half torn garments below her breast, and presented her with about a pound

afraid to violate an oath sworn by it. Hence, too, the various methods of trying suspected crimes by fire or water used by different nations. In the Antigone of Sophocles, a person suspected by Creon of a misdemeanor, declares himself ready to handle hot iron and walk over fire, in order scholiast tells us was then a very usual to manifest his innocence; which, the purgation. Polemon, in an account of the rarities of Sicily, speaks of a cistern, at which whosoever swore, touching it at the same time, and waving a rod over it, would go away unhurt, if he swore truth; but would die immediately, if he swore falsehood. Solinus, treating of some ancient fountains of Sardinia, says that they served

A woman taken in the very act of Luke; others at the end of John; adultery was brought by the Jews to others have it as a marginal note at Jesus Christ, to try if he would en- the 8th of John. Not a few of the share himself by acting the part of a Greek fathers appear ignorant of its civil Judge, in passing sentence authority. But the evidence in its against her: or contradict the law favour is still more pregnant. Tatiof Moses, in dismissing her from pu-an, who lived A. D. 160, and Amnishment. He bid the accuser, inno-monius, who flourished A. D. 220, cent of the like crime, cast the first have it in their harmony of the gosstone at her: their consciences, awa-pels. Athanasius, and all the Latin kened by his divine power, charged fathers acknowledge it. It is found home their guilt, and they went off in all the 16 manuscripts consulted ashamed. Jesus finding that none of by Robert Steven, in all but one of the them had condemned her, he, to testi- 17 consulted by Beza, and in above fy that the end of his coming was not 100 consulted by Mill. to condemn but to save sinners, and ADULTERY, in the prophetic scripto instruct his ministers not to med-tures, is often metaphorically taken, dle in civil judgments, condemned and signifies idolatry and apostacy her not; but warned her to avoid the from God, by which men basely delike wickedness for the future, John viii. 1-13.

The divine authority of this history of the adulteress has been much questioned. It is wanting in sundry of the ancient translations, and in not a few of the Greek copies: some copies have it at the end of the 21st of

for the conviction of thieves: for when any one denied with an oath a theft, with which he was charged, and at the same time touched these waters; if he was innocent, he saw more clearly; but if he was perjured, he was struck blind.

| file themselves, and wickedly violate their ecclesiastic and covenant relation to God, Hos. ii. 2. Ezek. xiv. and xxiii.

ADUMMIM, a mountain and city near Jericho, and in the lot of the tribe of Benjamin. It lay in the way from Jerusalem to Jericho, and is said to

his charge, he wished that God would break the thread of his life, the moment in which he should eat the body of Christ; and having reached part of the host to Henry, he immediately swallowed the remainder.

That the absurd mode of trial by ordeal, The truth is, to rest the proof of our as it is called, (according to which the own innocence or that of others upon such accused person was to prove his innocence events as these, that a person will walk by the event of some dangerous act, such unhurt upon red hot iron, or that he will as, taking red hot iron in his hand or walk-overcome in single combat, is nothing else ing on it, or plunging his bare arm up to but a gross and superstitious tempting of the elbow in boiling water, and escaping God. "One cannot but be astonished," unhurt,) was long practiced by professed says judge Blackstone, "at the folly and Christians, is justly ascribed to the preva- impiety of pronouncing a man guilty, unlence of popery, in which so many rites less he was cleared by a miracle; and of and customs have been borrowed from the expecting, that all the powers of nature ancient heathens, and of which it is an ar- should be suspended, by an immediate inticle, that the people ought not to have terposition of Providence, to save the innothe free use of the scriptures. The papists cent, whenever it was presumptuously resometimes made an ordeal of the sacra- quired." As to this divine law of jealousy, ment of the supper. Thus, Gregory the though we are not now obliged to the pracseventh, having been accused of using si-tice of it, more than to the practice of other mony and other base means to attain the pontifical chair, chose this method of proving his innocence to Henry IV. emperor of Germany: He took the sacramental host, and having added this imprecation, that if he was guilty of the crime laid to || his righteous judgment. VOL. I.

rites of the ceremonial law, it teaches us that all violation of conjugal faith and chastity, is highly provoking to the God of heaven; and that no secrecy will secure those that are guilty of such lewdness from F