have been much infested with rob, bers; and hence perhaps it received its name, which signifies the red or bloody ones, Josh. xv. 7. and xviii. 17. Here Jesus lays the scene of his history or parable of the man that fell among thieves, Luke x. 30-36. ADVOCATE, a pleader of causes at the bar of a judge. Jesus Christ is called our Advocate with the Father: By his constant appearance in the presence of God for us, he renders accepted our prayers and service; he answers all the charges that the law or justice of God, that Satan and our own conscience, can lay against us; he sues out our spiritual title to the benefits of the new covenant, and procures our actual and eternal receiving thereof, John ii. 1. The Holy Ghost is called an advocate, in opposition to the suggestions of Satan, and of the world, and our lusts; he pleads the cause of Christ at the bar of our conscience, and insists for his obtaining due honour and property in our heart and life; and, by inditing our prayers, and directing and enabling us to prosecute them at God's throne of grace, he maketh intercession for us with groanings that cannot be uttered, John xiv. 26. Gr. Rom. viii. 26. AFFINITY, a relation between persons and families constituted by MARRIAGE. Solomon mude affinity with Pharaoh, by espousing his daughter, 1 Kings iij. 1. Jehoshaphat, joined in affinity with Ahab, when he took his sister Athaliah to be the wife of his son Jehoram, 2 Chr. xviii. Į. AFFIRM; (1.) To maintain the truth of an opinion or report, Acts xxv. 19. (2.) To teach, 1 Tim. i. 7. AFFLICT; to distress, vex, pain, Gen. xv. 13. AFFLICTION denotes all manner of distress, oppression, persecution, Job v. 6. Exodus iij, 7. Mark iv. 17. When laid on reprobates it is proper punishment, as it springs from God's wrath, and tends to their hurt, Nah. i. 9. When laid on the saints it is fatherly chastisement, springing from God's love to their persons, and is merited by the death of Christ, secured by the new covenant, and works for their good, 2 Cor. iv. 17. When laid on the unconverted clect it is wrathful in its nature, but over-ruled to promote their union with Christ, Job xxxiii. The saints are represented as an afflicted people: they, in every age, endure manifold trouble from God, from Satan, the world, and their own lusts, Psal. xviii. 27. Zeph. iii. 12. They fill up what is behind AFAR; (1.) At a great distance of time or place, John viii. 56. Jer. xxxi.of the afflictions of Christ,' and 'par10. (2.) Apparently estranged in affection, indisposed and unready to help, Psal. xxxviii. 11. and x. 1. (3.) Not members of the church, not in a gracious state of friendship and fellowship with God, Eph. ii. 17. AFFECT; to stir up, influence, Lam. iii. 51. Men's AFFECTIONS, are their desires and inclinations; such as love, fear, care, joy, delight, &c. Col. iii. 1. Vile affections, are inclinations to wallow in shameful, beastly, and unnatural lusts, Rom. i. 26. Inordinate affections, or the affections of the flesh, irregular desire, care, joy, fear, &c. that spring from, and tend to gratify and support indwelling sin, Col. iii. 5. Gal, v. 24. take of the afflictions of the gospel.' Though Christ completely endured the wrath of God for them, yet he hath allotted various distresses to be borne by them, as proceeding from his hand; coming in a gospel channel of kindness and love; as means of conforming to his image, and borne for adherence to his interests, and the truths of the gospel, Gal. i. 24. 2 Tim. i. 8. AFFRIGHTED, AFRAID, filled with fear, terror, and dread, Luke xxiv. 37. Deut. i. 7. AFRESH; anew; another time, Heb. vi. 6. AFTER, (1.) Behind, Job xxx. 5. (2.) Later in time; at the end of, Gen. Xxxviii. 24. (3.) According to the direction and influence, Isa. xi. 3. wards the evening, after the common Rom. viii. 1, 4, 13. To inquire after, prayers were over, and the word of go after, walk after, follow after; is salvation had been heard. When to search, imitate, seck for, serve, this was done, the faithful eat togeworship, Gen. xviii. 12. Exod i. 11. ther with great simplicity and union, Job x. 6. Deut. vi. 14. Hos. xi. 10. what every one had brought with AGABUS, a prophet, who fore-them; so that the rich and the poor told the famine that happened in the were no way distinguished. days of Claudius Cæsar, A. D. 44. After a frugal and moderate supActs xi. 28.—About A. D. 60, he vi-per, they partook of the Lord's body sited PAUL at Cæsarea, and foretold and blood, and gave each other the his being bound at Jerusalem, Acts kiss of peace. This custom, so good, xxi. 10. It is said he suffered mar-and laudable in its original, soon detyrdom at Antioch. generated, and was abused. St. Paul, AGAG. This seems to have been in his first epistle to the Corinthians, a common name of the kings of Ama-complains, that so early as in his time lek. It appears they had a mightythe rich despised the poor in these asking of this name as early as the semblies, and would not condescend times of Moses, Numb. xxiv. 7. One to eat with them: "When ye come of this name governed them in the together," says he, in one place, days of Sail. He was extremely cru- this is not to eat the Lord's supel and bloody: his sword had be-per; for in eating every one taketh reaved many mothers of children. before another his own supper, and Saul, when he was appointed by God one is hungry, and another is drunto cut off that whole nation, spared ken; what, have ye not houses to him with the best of the flocks. He eat and to drink in? or despise ye thè appeared before Samuel the prophet church of God, and shame them that with the most delicate airs, expres- have not? what shall I say to you? sing his hopes, that he had no reason shall I praise you in this? I praise to fear a violent and tormenting you not." The Jews had certain dedeath: but the prophet with his own votional entertainments, which had hand, or another by his order, hewed some relation to the agape we are him to pieces before the Lord at Gil-speaking of. Upon their great festigal, I Sam. xv. 8, 20, 32, 33. Ha-val-days they made feasts for their man is called an Agagite, probably because he was an Amalekite, and of the blood-royal, Esth. iii. 1. family, their friends and relations; to these they invited the priests, the poor, and orphans, and sent portions to them of their sacrifices. These repasts were made in the temple, and before the Lord. And there were certain sacrifices and first-fruits appointed by the law, which were to be set apart for this purpose. Calmet. AGAIN, (1.) A second time, Gen. viii. 21. (2.) Backwards, Prov. ii. 19. AGAINST, (1.) In opposition to, Acts xxviii. 22. (2.) Directly facing, Numb. viii. 2. (3.) By the time when, 2 Kings xvi. 11. AGAPE. This is a Greek word, AGAPETE, in ecclesiastical histoand signikes properly friendship. Thery, a name given to certain virgins feasts of charity, which were in use and widows, who, in the ancient among the Christians of the primi-church, associated themselves with tive church, were called by this name. and attended on, ecclesiastics, out of They were celebrated in memory of a motive of piety and charity. the last supper which Jesus Christ In the primitive days there were made with his apostles, when he in-women instituted DEACONESSES, who, stituted the holy eucharist. These devoting themselves to the service of festivals were kept in the churchy to the church, took up their abode with AGE, (1.) The whole continuance of one's life, Gen. xlvii. 28. (2.) The time of life when a woman is fit for conceiving of children, Heb. xi. 11. (3.) The time when men's natural powers and faculties are at their per Eph. iv. 13. (4.) Long continuance of life, Job v. 26. Zech. viii. 4. (5.) A period of time, past, present, or per attributes, and Apollo in the middle hilts for swords and hangers, beads to pray the ministers, and assisted; them in' their functions.. In the fervour of the primitive piety, there was nothing scandalous in these societies; but they afterwards degenerated into libertinism; insomuch, That St. Jerom asks, with indignation, unde, agape-fection, or near it, John ix. 21, 23. tarum pestis in ecclesias introit? || This gave occasion to councils to suppress them. St. Athanasius, mentions a priest, named Leontius, who, to remove all occasion of suspicion, offered to mutilate himself, to preserve his beloved companion. Encycl. AGATE, or ACHAT, (among the Greeks and Romans Achates, from a river in Sicily, on the banks of which it was first found,) An almost trans-rings, seals, handles for knives and forks, parent precious stone, variegated with veins and clouds, composed of crystal, debased by a small quantity of earth. It is not formed by incrus-is tation round a nucleus, nor made up. "The great agate of the apotheosis of of plates; but seemingly the effect of Augustus, in the treasury of the holy chaone concretion, and variegated mere-pel, when sent from Constantinople to St. ly by the disposition which the fluids Lewis, passed for a triumph of Joseph. An agate, which was in the cabinet of the in which they were formed gave their king of France, had been kept 700 years differently coloured matter. Agates with great devotion, in the Benedictine are excellent for burnishing of gold, abbey of St. Evre at Toul, where it passed and sealing of wax. Some of them for St. John the Evangelist carried away have a whitish ground, as the den-by an eagle, and crowned by an angel; drachates or mochoastone, and phas-lately detected, the religious would no but the Heathenism of it having been sachates and another sort: the hema- longer give it a place among their relicts, chates, sardachates, &c. have a red-but presented it in 1684 to the king. The dish ground: the cerachates and antiquaries found it to be the apotheosis leontoseres have a yellowish ground: of Germanicus. In like manner the triumph the jaspachates and some others have of Joseph was found to be a representation a greenish ground. of Germanicus and Agrippina, under the The sardachates figures of Ceres and Triptolemus. Anois most esteemed. The agate was ther was preserved, from time immemothe second stone in the third row of rial, in one of the most ancient churches the high-priest's breastplate, Exodus of France, where it had passed for a reprexxviii. 19. The Syrians traded with sentation of Paradise and the fall of man; agates in the Tyrian fairs, Ezekiel there being found on it two figures reprexxvii. 16. The windows of the gos-pent, and a Hebrew inscription round it, senting Adam and Eve, with a tree, a ser pel-church are of agates: her minis-taking from the third chapter of Genesis, ters and ordinances which enlighten"The woman saw that the tree was good," her are pure, precious, and diversified in form and gifts, Isa. liv. 12.* &c. The French academişts, instead of our first parents, found Jupiter and Minerva represented by the two figures: the inscription was of a modern date, written in a Rabinnical character, very incorrect, Among the most celebrated agates and poorly engraven. The prevailing opicontaining many singular representations, nion was, that this agate represented simis that of Pyrrhus, wherein were repre-ply the worship of Jupiter and Minerva at sented the nine muses, each with their pro- Athens." Encyclopædia, vol. i. p. 232—3. · (6.) future, Eph. iii. 5. and ii. 7. we place it 252 years later, there might still be many thousands more. We have no authority for the vast. The duration of the world has been multitudes of men in the early ages divided by AGES. The Patriarchal after the flood but that of Ctesias age continued 2513 years from the one of the most romantic writers creation of the world to the depar- that ever breathed. Stillingfleet in ture of the Hebrews from Egypt.- his Origines Sacra, Bedford in his The ceremonial age 1491 years, from Chronology, and Shuckford in his. the mission of Moses to the incarna- | Connections, &c. have shown how tion of Christ. Of the Christian age well the chronology of our Bible talfrom the birth of our Saviour, have, lies with such profane history as deaccording to the common calculation, || serves credit. Sir Isaac Newton, in elapsed 1806 years. The whole pe- his Chronology of ancient kingdoms riod, from the creation till now, a- amended, has rendered it sufficiently mounts to 5801 years; but the East probable, that the states mentioned Indians reckon it 15,115,247. The in the history of the Greeks were chronology too of the vulgar Chinese, not by far so early founded as was and of the ancient Chaldeans and E- generally thought. The duration of gyptians, far exceeds our reckoning. the Old Testament may be more By adding an hundred years to the particularly divided into, (1.) The age of a great many of the patriarchs Antediluvian age that ended at the before Abraham, prior to the birth of flood, A. M. 1656, Gen. 5. (2.) The their succeeding children, the Greek age of the dispersion, consisting of version of the Old Testament extends 427 years, and ending with the call the period before the flood to 2242 of Abraham, A. M. 2083, Gen. xi. years; and the period thence to A- (3.) The age of sojourning, from the braham's entrance of Canaan, to call of Abraham to the deliverance 1106. It is like the author or authors of the Hebrews from Egypt, consistof this version ascribed to the Seven-ing of 430 years, Exod. xii. 40. and ty, used such freedom with the sacred oracles, that, under pretence of taking the ancient years for months, they might reconcile the longevity of the patriarchs to the common standard of life in their time. Vossius and Pezron have with great zeal attempted to establish this chronology, under pretence that it tallies better with profane history, and accounts for the multitudes of men in the earlier ages of the world. That pretence is intirely groundless: for at a moderate calculation there might be 80,000,000,000 persons in the world in the year of the flood, which was A. M. 1656. The sixteen grandsons of Noah might produce sundry thousands against the building of Babel, even suppose we should place it at the birth of Peleg, in the 101st year after the flood. And if, with the authors of the Universal History, ending A. M. 2513. (4.) The age The duration of the New-Testa- 75 years of extirpation, Rev. xi. 2. the course of their conversation, FesDan. xii. 11, 12. (4.) The Millen-tus mentioned the affair of Paul's nium, or thousand years reign of the trial and appeal to Cæsar. Agrippa saints. If we date the rise of Anti-was extremely curious to hear what christ from the Pope's assuming an Paul had to say for himself. On the universal headship over the church, morrow, Festus gratified him and his we hope the Millennium to begin sister with a hearing of him in the about A. D. 1940, or sooner. But public hall. Paul, being desired by if we date the rise of Antichrist from Agrippa to say what he could in his the Pope's commencing a civil lord, own defence, rehearsed how he was about A. D. 756, we cannot hope for converted from a furious persecutor the beginning of the Millennium till into a zealous preacher: and how he after A. D. 2016. had, according to the ancient proAGONY; painful conflict; rack-phets, preached up the resurrection ing and tormenting trouble in soul or body, Luke xxii. 44. AGREE, (1.) To bargain with, Matth. xx. 2, 13. (2.) To approve; consent to, Acts v. 40. (3.) To be like to, Mark xiv. 56, 70. (4.) To conspire; resolve together, John ix. 22. (5.) To be reconciled to, Mat thew v. 25. of the dead. Agrippa was so charmed with the good sense and majesty of the discourse, and with the apostie's polite address to himself, that he declared he was almost persuaded to be a Christian. Paul expressing his carnest wishes that king Agrippa and all the audience were altogether such as himself, excepting his bonds and trouble; Agrippa signified to Festus, that he might have been set at liberty, if he had not appealed to Cæsar, Acts xxv. and xxvi. AGRIPPA, the son of HEROD Agrippa. He was at Rome with the emperor Claudius, when his father died, A. D. 44. The emperor inclined to bestow on him the whole About two years after, Agrippa dominions possessed by his father; deposed Joseph Cabei the Jewish but his courtiers dissuaded it. Next highpriest, for the great offence year the governor of Syria thought which he had given to the people in to compel the Jews to lodge the or- the murder of JAMES the brother of naments of their highpriest in the Jude, whose distinguished meekness tower of Antonia, under the custody and sanctity were universally respectof the Roman guard; but by the in-ed; and he made Jesus the son of fluence of Agrippa, they were allow- Damneús priest in his room. It was ed by the emperor to keep them not long after, when he allowed the themselves. A. D. 49, Herod king of temple-singers to wear linen robes Chalcis his uncle died, and he was as the common priests. He restrainby the emperor constituted his suc-ed a while the rebellion of the Jews cessor: but four years after that against their Roman superiors.— kingdom was taken from him; and When at last, rendered desperate by the provinces of Gaulonites, Tra- the oppression and insolence of their chonites, Batanea, Paneas, and Abi-governors, they openly revolted; Alene, were given him in its stead. To these, soon after, Nero added Julias in Perea; and a part of Galilee on the west of the sea of Tiberias. When Festus was made governor of Judea, A. D. 60, Agrippa and his sister Bernice, with whom he was supposed to live in incest, came to Cæsarca to congratulate him. In grippa was obliged to side with the Romans. After the destruction of JERUSALEM, he and his sister Bernice retired to Rome, where he died, aged 70, A. D. 90. AGUE, a periodical disease of the fever kind, consisting of a cold shi vering fit, succeeded by a hot one. It is occasioned by want of perspira |