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114. If 1 hogshead [63 gal.] of molasses cost $26, what is the cost of 1 gallon?

115. What is the cost of 7 hhd. 6 gal. molasses, at 11 cents per gallon?

116. What is the cost of 25 yards 3 quarters of ribbon, at 194 cents per yard?

117. If 5 cords of wood cost $26, what is the cost of 1 cord?

118. What is the value of 16 tons of hay, at 11} dollars per ton?

119. What is the value of 1 lb. 6 oz. 12 dwt. of silver, at 20 cents per pennyweight?

120. If 16 yards of broad-cloth cost $86.24, what is the cost of 1 yard?

121. At 5s. 3 d. per yard, what is the cost of 78 yards of cambric, in pounds, shillings, and pence?

122. If 492 yards of cloth cost £68 4s. 10d., what is the cost of 1 yard?

123. If 18 yards of cotton cost 12s. 9 d., what is the cost of 1 yard?

124. What is the value of 57681⁄2 lb. of coffee at 103 pence per pound?

125. At what price per pound must I sell 432 pounds of coffee, in order to receive £27 3s. for the whole ? 126. If £448% be equally divided among 76 men, what will each man receive?

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127. If of a yard of cloth cost $3, what is the price of 1 yard? Or, $3÷4=?

128. If 71% barrels of apples cost $21, what is the cost of 1 barrel of the apples?

129. If 4 gallons of molasses cost $25, what is the cost of 1 quart?

130. If 11 hogshead of wine cost $250, what is the cost of 1 quart?

131. Bought 5 yards of silk, at $2 per yard; 151 yards of ribbon, at 12 cents per yard; 17 pairs of gloves, at 68 cents per pair; and 16 yards of lace, at $3 per yard. What is the whole cost?

132. Bought 6 pounds of tea, at 87 cents per pound; 15 pounds of sugar, at 11 cents per pound; 134 pounds

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of coffee at 12 cents per pound; and 16 gallons of molasses, at of a dollar per gallon. What is the whole cost?

133. Bought 9 barrels of cider, at $23 per barrel; 8 barrels of apples, at $15 per barrel; 16 boxes of raisins, at $2.62 per box; 234 pounds of almonds, at 143 cents per pound. What is the whole cost?

134. Bought 358 bushels of wheat, at of a dollar per bushel; 420 bushels of rye, at 96 cents per bushel; 146 bushels of corn, at 5 of a dollar per bushel; and 651 bushels of oats, at 23 cents per bushel. What is the whole cost?

135. A purchased of B, 75% tons of iron at $9.611 per ton. What quantity of coffee, at 12 cents per pound, must A sell B, to cancel the price of the iron?

136. C purchased of D, 1397 hogsheads of molasses, at 15 cents per gallon; and D, at the same time, purchased of C, 896 tons of iron, at $9 per ton. How much was the balance- and to whom was it due?

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6 21 16 18 9

137. What is the sum of 1, 12, 7, 24, 19, 4Ï, íì,

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3, 3, 3, 49, 37, and 76 of?

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138. Suppose of 1 of 1 to be a minuend, and of of of a subtrahend; what is the remainder? 139. What is the product of of 3 of 2 of 100, multiplied by of of of of 75? 140. What is the quotient of of 15 of 3 of 12 of 3 ?

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141. Suppose the sum of two fractions to be, and one of the fractions to be; what is the other? (See PROBLEM I, page 20.)

142. Suppose the greater of two fractions to be 1 and their difference to be 13; what is the smaller fraction? (See PROB. II, page 20.)

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143. Suppose the smaller of two fractions to be 31, and their difference to be; what is the greater fraction? (See PROB. III, page 21.)

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144. What are the two fractions, whose sum is and whose difference is? (See PROB. IV, page 21.)

198

145. If be the product of two factors, one of which Is, what is the other? (See PROB. V, page 21.)

146. Suppose to be a dividend, and a quotient; what is the divisor? (See PROB. VI, page 21.)

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147. What must be that dividend, whose divisor is and whose quotient is? (See PROB. VII, page 22.) 148. Suppose the product of three factors to be 12, one of those factors being, and another; what is the the third factor? (See PROB. VIII, page 22.)

149. A merchant owning of a ship, sold of what he owned. What part of the whole ship did he sell? 150. A merchant owning of a ship, sold of what he owned. What part of the ship did he still own? 151. If I buy of of a ship, and sell bought, what part of the ship shall I have left?

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The kind of fractions, which have been treated in this article, are called Vulgar fractions, or Common fracions, in distinction from another kind, called Decimal fractions, or simply Decimals.

XI.

DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

A DECIMAL FRACTION is a fraction whose denominator is 10, or 100, or 1000, &c. The denominator of a decimal fraction is never written: the numerator is written with a point prefixed to it, and the denominator is understood to be a unit, with as many ciphers annexed as the numerator has places of figures. Thus, .5 is, .26 is 2, .907 is 907

1000

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100

When a whole number and decimal fraction are written together, the decimal point is placed between them. Thus, 68.2 is 68%, 4.87 is 41.

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In the notation of whole numbers, any figure, wherever it may stand, expresses a quantity as great as it would express if it were written one place further to the left and so it is in the notation of decimal fractions-the same system is continued below the place of units. The first place to the right of units is the place of tenths; the second

of hundredths; the third, of thousandths; the fourth, of ten-thousandths; and so on.

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Ciphers placed on the right hand of decimal figures, do not alter the value of the decimal; because, the figures still remain unchanged in their distance from the unit's place. For instance, .5, .50, and .500 are all of equal value, they are each equal to . But every cipher that is placed on the left of a decimal, renders its value ten times smaller, by removing the figures one place further from the unit's place. Thus, if we prefix one cipher to .5, it becomes .05 [150]; if we prefix two ciphers, it becomes .005 [100]; and so on.

TO READ DECIMAL FRACTIONS- -Enumerate and read the figures as they would be read if they were whole numbers, and conclude by pronouncing the name of the lowest denomination.

1. Read the several numbers in the following columns.

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ADDITION OF DECIMALS.

3. Add the following numbers into one sum. 151.7 70.602+4.06+807.2659.

151.7
70.602
4.06
807.2659

1033.6279

In arranging decimals for addition, we place tenths under tenths, hun dredths under hundredths, &c. We then begin with the lowest denomi nation, and proceed to add the col umns as in whole numbers

4. What is the sum of 256.94+9121.7+8.3065? 5. Add together .6517+19.2+2.8009+51.0007+ .00009+22.206+4.732.

In Federal Money, the dollar is the unit; that is, dollars are whole numbers; dimes are tenths, cents are hundredths, and mills are thousandths.

6. Add together $18.25, $4.09, $2.40, $231 075, $64.207, $50.258, $10.09 and 25 cts.

7. Write the following sums of money in the form of decimals, and add them together. $1 and 1 cent, 37 cents, $25 and 7 dimes, 65 cents, $15, 9 dimes, 8 mills, 4 cents and 3 mills, 1% of a mill, $7 and 8 cents, of a mill, 36 cents, 10 eagles and 25 dollars, and 7 cents.

SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS.

8. Subtract 4.16482 from 19.375.

19.375
4.16482

15.21018

After placing tenths under tenths, &c., we subtract as in whole numbers. The blank places over the 2 and 8 are viewed as ciphers.

9. Subtract 592.64 from 617.23169.

10. Subtract 48.06 from 260.3.

11. Subtract .89275 from 12690.2.

12. Subtract .281036 from 51.

13. What is the difference between 1 and .1?

14. What is the difference between 24.367 and 13? 15. What is the difference between .136 and .1295? 16. Write 8 dollars and. 7 cents in decimal form, and subtract therefrom, 48 cents and 1 mill.

17. Subtract 9 dimes and 6 mills from 15 dollars.

MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS.

Multiplying by any fraction, is taking a certain part of the multiplicand for the product; consequently, multiplying one fraction by another, must produce a fraction smaller than either of the factors. For example, X 10×10 12; or, decimally, .4X.3.12. Hence observe, that the number of decimal figures in any product, must

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