3. Bring 145 pennyweights to grains. Facit 3480 gr. 4. Reduce 15 pounds to pennyweights. Facit 3600 dwts. 5. Bring 75 pounds to grains. Facit 432000 gr. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. By this weight are weighed things of a coarse, drossy nature, that are bought and sold by weight, and all me tals but silver and gold. The denominations are ton, hundred-weight, quarter; pound, ounce, and dram. 1. Reduce 27 tons to hundred weight. T. Facit 540 C. wt. Facit 180 gr. Facit 7000 lb. Facit 1216 oz. Facit 640 dr. Facit 17920 lb. Facit 1146880 dr. APOTHECARIES WEIGHT. By this weight apothecaries mix their medicines, but buy and sell by avoirdupois weight. The denominations are pound, once, dram, scruple, and grain. 20 grains (gr.) make 3 scruples 8 drams 12 ounces 1 scruple 1 dram 1 ounce 1 pound EXAMPLES. 1. Reduce 56 pounds to ounces. 2. Reduce 142 ounces to drams. 3. Bring 84 drams to scruples. 4. Bring 16 scruples to grains. 5. Reduce 8 ounces to scruples. 6. Bring 14 pounds to grains. Facit 672 3Facit 1136 3 Facit 252 Facit 320 gr. Facit 1929 Facit 80640 gr. LONG MEASURE. Long Measure is used for lengths and distances. pole, yard, foot, inch, and line. Note. A hand is a measure of 4 inches, and used in measuring the height of horses. A fathom is 6 feet, and used chiefly in measuring the depth of water. By this measure, cloth, tapes, &c. are measured. The denominations are English ell, French ell, Flemish ell, yard, quarter of a yard, and nail. 1. Reduce 10 French ells to quarters. LAND MEASURE. E. F. Facit 60 qr. Facit 230 gr. Facit 15 gr. Facit 88 gr. Facit 160 na. Facit 1020 na. This measure shews the quantity of lands. The denominations are acre, rood, square perch, square yard, and square foot. Facit 160 R. 1. Reduce 40 acres to roods. 2. Reduce 15 roods to square perches. Facit 600 P. 3. Bring 28 square perches to square yards. Facit 847 sq. yd, 4. Bring 42 square yards to square feet. Facit 378 sq.ft. 5. Bring 12 acres to square perches. Facit 1920 sq.P. LIQUID MEASURE. This measure is used for beer, cyder, wine, &c. gallon, quart, and pint. 2 pints (pt.) make Note. By a law of Pennsylvania, 16 gallons make one half barrel; 31 gallons one barrel; 64 gallons 1 double barrel; 84 gallons 1 puncheon; 42 gallons 1 tierce. This measure is used for grain, fruit, salt, &c. The denominations are year, month, week, day, hour, minute, and second. 7 days 1 day D. 1 week W. Y. 52 weeks, 1 day, and 6 hours, or 1 year 365 days, and 6 hours 12 months (mo,) 1 year Note. The six hours in each year are not reckoned till they amount to one day: hence, a common year consists of 365 days, and every fourth year, called leap year, of 366 days. The following is a statement of the number of days in each of the twelve months, as they stand in the calendar or almanac : The fourth, eleventh, ninth, and sixth, EXAMPLES. 1. Reduce 8 years to months. Facit 96 mo. 2. Bring 6 years to weeks (supposing 52 weeks to make a year.) Facit 312 W. 3. Bring 3 years to days (supposing 365 days to make a year.) 4. Reduce 25 weeks to days. Facit 1095 D. Facit 175 D. Facit 288 H. Facit 840 min. Facit 540 sec. Facit 40320min. When a sum or quantity is to be changed to a higher denomination than its own, work by RULE 2.* Divide the given sum or quantity by that number of its own denomination which makes one of the denomination to which it is to be changed. See notes 1, 2, and 3. When there are one or more denominations between the denomination of the given sum or quantity and that to which it is to be changed; first change it to the one next higher than its own, and then to the next higher, and so on. See notes 4 and 5. Remainders are of the same denomination as the sum or quantity divided. See examples 2, 6, 8, 10, and 12, in English money. * The reason of this rule may be seen by considering that as it takes twenty shillings to make one pound, there must be just as many pounds in any number of shillings as there are twenties in that number; and that to find how many twenties there are in any number, we divide it by 20. |