British Imperial Gallons, or 149 016 Litres. The Beer Kanne =40997 British Imperial Gallons, or 1-8627 Litre.

MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR DRY GOODS.

=

= 11.45376 = 3330-624

The Scheffel and its multiples above given are used for measuring Wheat, Rye, Barley, and Peas. The Scheffel for Oats and Fruit is larger, and 13589 British Imperial Quarters, or 38.514 Litres. Its multiples, the Tonne, Drömt, and Last, are in proportion.

Lubec value.

4 Pfenning

WEIGHTS.*

4 Quentchen

=

1 Loth

The Freight Schiffspfund contains 320 Pfund, or 20 Liespfund of 16 Pfund.

SPAIN.

MEASURES AND WEIGHTS.

The Measures and Weights are exactly the same as those of France. The Metro is the Mètre; the Litro is the Litre; the Gramo is the Gramme; and the Area is the Are, and the

* Doubtless Lubec will soon adopt the New Metric Weights which have been introduced at Hamburg and Bremen.

Tonelada is 10 Metric Quintal of 100 Kilogrammes each. The Metric system came into use on the 1st January, 1859 (see France). It is also the legal system for all the Spanish Colonies, but the Old Spanish system of Weights and Measures is still occasionally referred to, it is therefore given below.

The Vara was also subdivided into 4 Palmos of 9 Pulgadas, or 12 Dedos, and each Dedo of 9 Lineas. 3 Pulgadas Dedos.

=

= 4

The Passo = 5 Varas; the Cuerda 8 Varas 33 Palmos. 100 English Yards 107.84 Varas, and 100 Varas 92-73 English Yards. The Codo for measuring timber and masts was two-thirds of the Vara. The Geographical Legua 7603-84 Varas; the Legua Maritima = 6653-36 Varas.

OLD MEASURES OF SURFACE.

=

}-{

=

9 Sqr. Pies 1 Sqr. Vara

=

16 Sqr. Varas 1 Sqr. Estadal = 13.759054

50 Sqr. Varas=1 Estajo

=42-9970

English value. Square Yards. 8599409=

Ares.

}

=1 Fanegada

=

1.6374

=

66-26012096

=3313.00604805

The Fanegada was a very varying measure, in some districts it contained only 500 Square Estadals, or 8000 Square Varas. It was divided into 12 Celeminos, each of 4 Cuartillos and was a square whose side was equal to 24 Estadals. The Arancada

was the surface measure for Vineyards, and was uniform throughout Spain. It was a square whose side was equal to 20 Estadals. It contained 400 Square Estadals, or 6400 Square Varas, and was equal to about 1.1370 Acre British. The Cahizada was a vague measure denoting the area on which a Cahiz of Corn could be sown.

The Cuartilla = 8 Cuartillos. The Wine Bota tares. The Measure for Oil was the Arroba Menor of 25 Libras, each of 4 Panillas. The Arroba Menor = 2.7652 British Imperial Gallons, or 12.564 Litres.

=

30 Can

8 Azumbres

Besides the ordinary Quintal of 100 Libras there was the Quintal Marco of 150 Libras (the Carga of Peru), equal to 152.163 lbs. av. English, or 690.21 Kilogrammes. In Ships' Freight the Tonelada equal to 20 Quintals.

In Apothecaries' Weights the Onza of the above table was divided into 8 Drachms, each Drachm into 3 Scruples, each Scruple into 2 Obolos, and each Obolo into 3 Caracteres.

The chief unit in Gold and Silver Weights was the Marco of the above table. For Gold Weights it was divided into 50 Castellanos, each of 8 Tomines. For Silver Weights it was divided as in the table. The fineness of Gold was expressed by dividing the units of weight into 24 Carats, each of 4 Granos ; and the fineness of Silver by dividing it into 12 Dineros, each of 24 Granos.

The Diamond Onza of 140 Carats contained only 560 Granos.

GIBRALTAR.

=

The Weights and Measures are chiefly those of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the following Old Spanish Weights and Measures, viz. :—the Pipe 105 Imperial Gallons; the Arroba (liquid measure) = 2.77 Imperial Gallons; the Arroba (weight). 26 lbs. Avoirdupois; the Quintal of 100 101 lbs. Avoirdupois; 5 Fanegas of Grain = 73 Imperial Bushels. (See Spain, p. 167).

lbs. =

=

PORTUGAL.

The Metric system of Weights and Measures is now used in Portugal. This system, which is exactly the same as that of France (see France), was introduced gradually, and the change was effected in a remarkably short period. In 1852 the Government decreed that the Weights and Measures should be re-organized upon the metric basis, and a period of ten years was fixed for its introduction and adoption. Metric measures of length came into use in Portugal in January, 1860; Metric weights in July, 1861; Metric surface measures in July, 1862 ; and Metric measures of capacity in January, 1863.

HOLLAND.

In 1820 Holland adopted the Metric system; and the Weights and Measures are the same as those of France, but have different names, as will be seen by the following tables :