fhe is above disguise;" they are supported by industry."

A prepofition may be known by its admitting after it a noun or perfonal pronoun in the objective cafe; as, with him, for ber, to the man.

8. A conjunction is a part of fpeech used to connect or join together sentences; fo as, out of two, to make one fentence. It fometimes connects only words; as, “Thou and he are happy, because you are good."

9. Interjections are words ufed to exprefs the, paffions or emotions of the fpeaker; as, "O virtue! how amiable art thou !"

ARTICLE.

An Article is a word prefixed to fubftantives, to point them out, and to show how far their fignification extends; as, a garden, an eagle, the woman.

In English there are but two articles, a and the: a becornes an* before a vowel, and before a filent b: as, an acorn, an hour.

A or an, the indefinite article, is used, to point out one fingle thing of the kind, without fixing precisely what that thing is; as, "Give me a book;" that is, any book,

The is called the definite article, because it ascertains what particular thing is meant; as,

น

"The article A must be ufed before all words beginning with a confonant, and before the vowel u when long and the article An must be used before all words beginning with a vowel, except long u; before words beginning with b mute; as, an hour, an air, &c. or before words where the b is not mute, if the accent be on the fecond fyllable; as, an beroic action, an biftorical account.”

"Give me the book;" meaning fome book referred to.

[A fubftantive, without any article to limit it, is taken in its wideft fenfe; as, "A candid temper proper for man;" that is, for all mankind.]

is

SUBSTANTIVE.

A Subftantive or noun is the name of any thing that exifts, or of which we have any notion; as, man, virtue, London, &c.

Subftantives are either proper or common. Proper names or fubftantives are appropri ated to individuals; as, George, London, Thames.

Common names or fubftantives ftand for kinds containing many forts, or for forts containing many individuals under them; as, animal, man, tree, &c.

To fubftantives belong gender, number, and cafe; and they are all of the third person, when fpoken of, and of the fecond, when spoken to: as, "Bleffings attend us on every fide!" "Be grateful, children of men!" That is, ye children of men.

GENDER.

Gender is the distinction of sex.

There are

three genders, the Mafculine, the Feminine, and the Neuter.

The mafculine gender denotes animals of the male kind; as, a man, a horse, &c.

The feminine gender fignifies animals of the female kind; as, a woman, a princess, &c.

The neuter gender denotes objects which are neither males nor females; as, a field, a houfe, &c.

[Some fubftantives naturally neuter are, by a figure of fpeech, converted into the mafculine or feminine gender; as, when we fay of the fun, he is fetting, and of a fhip, he fails well, &c.

In English, there are four ways of distinguishing the fex, viz.

T. By different words; as, man, woman; boy, girl; fon, daughter.

2. By a difference of termination; as, duke, duchefs; count, countefs; poet, poetess; actor, actress.

3. By adding an adjective or pronoun to the fubftantive ; as, a male child, a female child; a he-goat, a fhe-goat.

4. By prefixing another fubftantive to the word; as, a man-fervant, a maid-fervant.]

NUMBER.

Number is the confideration of an object, as

one or more.

Subftantives are of two numbers, the fingu lar and the plural.

The fingular number expreffes but one thing; as, a chair, a table.

The plural number fignifies more than one; as, chairs, tables.

[Some nouns, from the nature of the things which they exprefs, are used only in the fingular; as, wheat, pitch, gold, floth, pride, &c.; and others only in the plural; as, bellows, fciffars, lungs, riches, &c.

Some words are the fame in both numbers; as, deer, fheep, pair, &c.]

The plural number is generally formed by addings to the fingular; as, dove, doves; face, faces.

[But when the fingular ends in o, x, ch, sh, or ss, we add es in the plural; as, cargo, cargoes; box, boxes; church, churches; lafh, lafhes; kifs, kiffes. Nouns ending in f, or fe, are rendered plural by changing those terminations into ves; as, loaf, loaves; wife, wives.

Nouns ending in y, after a confonant, form their plural in ies; as, “lady, ladies. "

Nouns derived from the Greek, form their plu ral by changing on for a; as, criterion, criteria; phenomenon, phenomena.

Some, from the Latin, make their plural by changing us for i; as, radius, radii; magus, magi.]

CASES.

Cafes are the different terminations, or rela tions of nouns and pronouns in fentences. There are three cafes: viz. Nominative, Poffeffive, and Objective.

The nominative case expresses the relation of an agent or actor, or the fubject of a verb; as, "The boy plays;" "the girls learn."

The poffeffive cafe expreffes the relation of property or poffeffion; and has an apostrophe, with the letters coming after it; as, "The fcholar's duty;" "My father's houfe:" that is, ' "The duty of the fcholar;" "The houfe of my father."

When the plural ends in s, the other s is omitted, but the apoftrophe is retained; as, "On eagles' wings;" "the drapers' company."

Sometimes alfo, when the fingular terminates in /s, the apoftrophick s is not added; as, "For goodness' fake; "For righteousness' fake."

The objective expreffes the relation of an object acted upon, and generally follows a verb tranfitive, or prepofition; as, "Charles reads his book."

English substantives may be declined in the following manner:

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid the too frequent repetition of the fame word; as, "The man is happy," " he is benevolent," "he is useful."

There are three kinds of pronouns, viz. the Perfonal, the Relative, and the Adjective pro

nouns.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

There are five Perfonal Pronouns; viz. I,thou, he, she, it; with their plurals, we, ye or you, they,