CLOTH MEASURE.

97. CLOTH MEASURE is used in measuring cloths, ribbons,

NOTE. Expressions like,, etc., are called fractions.

two and one fourth. be discussed in another place.

Ex. 1. Reduce 15yd. 3qr.

2na. to nails.

OPERATION.

15 yd. 3qr. 2na.
4

6 3 qr. 4

2 5 4 na., Ans.

= one fourth; The principles of fractions will

Ex. 2. In 254 nails how many yards, quarters, and nails?

OPERATION.

4) 25 4 na.

4) 6 3 qr.+2na.

15 yd. +3qr.

Ans. 15yd. 3qr. 2na.

Ans. 443. Ans. 54yd. 2qr. 1na.

3. In 27yd. 2qr. 3na. how many nails? 4. In 873 nails how many yards, etc.? 5. How many dresses may be made from 167yd. 3qr. of silk, if each dress requires 15yd. 1qr.?

Ans. 11.

6. If 2yd. 3qr. of ribbon are used in trimming one bonnet, how many yards will be used in trimming 5 bonnets?

7. Reduce 43yd. 2qr. 3na. to nails.

8. If 2yd. 1qr. of cloth are required for making one coat, how many yards will be used in making 8 coats?

9. What cost 25yd. 3qr. of cloth at $2 per quarter?

10. Reduce 7824 nails to yards.

97. For what is Cloth Measure used? Table? Scale? Note?

LONG MEASURE.

98. LONG MEASURE is used in measuring distances, i. e. where length is required without regard to breadth or thickness.

NOTE 1. The earth not being an exact sphere, the distance round it in different directions is not exactly the same. By the most exact measurements made, a degree is a little less than 69 miles.

NOTE 2. The barleycorn is but little used.

NOTE 3. The 3 before miles in the table is not a part of the scale.

98. For what is Long Measure used? Table? Scale? A degree upon the

earth, how long?

4. Reduce 473b.c. to higher denominations.

5. The distance through the center of the earth is about 7912 miles; how many rods is it?

6. The distance round the earth is about 8000000 rods; how many miles is it?

CHAIN MEASURE.

99. CHAIN MEASURE is used by engineers and surveyors in measuring roads, canals, boundaries of fields, etc.

NOTE. To measure roads, etc., engineers often use a chain 100 feet long.

99. For what is Chain Measure used? Table? Scale? Note?

3. In 6fur. 2ch. 3rd. 18li. how many links?

4. Reduce 3879 links to higher denominations.

Ans. 6293.

Ans. 3fur. 8ch, 3rd. 4li.

5. Reduce 17m. 3fur. 5ch. 2rd. 24 li. to links.

6. Reduce 13475 links to higher denominations.

7. From Boston to Andover is 23 miles; how many links is it?

8. From Boston to Fitchburg is 400000 links; how many miles is it?

9. The distance round a field is 7fur. 6ch. 3rd.; what will it cost to fence the field at $2 per rod?

10. How many miles, etc., in 637482 links?

NOTE. In measuring land, surveyors use a 4-rod chain composed of 100 links. Sometimes the half-chain of 50 links is used.

100. For what is Square Measure used? Measure? Note?

Table? Scale? Table in Chain

3. In 14sq. m. 25a. 3r. 30sq. rd. how many square rods?

Ans. 1437750.

4. Reduce 624873sq. rd. to higher denominations. 5. Bought a field containing 3a. 2r. 25sq. rd. at $2 per what did it cost?

rod;

101. The manner of finding the area of a surface like Fig. 1, may be understood from the following explanation. Let A B

represent (on a reduced scale) a line 5 inches long; then, evidently, if we pass from A to e, a distance of 1 inch, and draw the line e f, the figure A Bfe will contain 5 square inches, i. e. 5 × 1 square inches. So, in like manner, A Bhg will contain 10, or 52 square inches; and

A B C D will contain 15, or 5 × 3 square inches, i. e. we multiply together the numbers representing the length and breadth, and the product will be the number of square inches in the surface. NOTE. A surface like Fig. 1 is called a rectangle. If the length and breadth are equal, the rectangle is a square. square are all equal to each other, and each angle is called a right angle. The angles of a rectangle or

101. How is the area of a rectangle or square ascertained? What is said of the angles of a rectangle or square? What is each angle called?