XX = £11 2s. 51d. x 675-£11 2s. 51d.x2 =£55 12s. 3 d. x 135 - £22 4s. 11d. = £278 1s. 5d. × 27 – £22 4s. 11d. = £2,502 133. 14d. ×3-£22 4s. 11d. = £7,507 19s. 44d. -£22 4s. 11d. N.B. Our system of Arithmetic is, if possible to have no side work even if we have more figures. 2s. 6d. = 1 18. Od. £2054634 Ans. 441 @ 19s. 9d.= £435 9 9 1958 @1s. 6d. = 150 10 10 £441 less Since 3d., the first Answer is of this sum. 3. Here 1: 41: 15s. 63d. Inverting the divisor and multiplying 4×79× 1863 7×16×240 1. 90336 7 632352 7×16×240×3 4×9 4 3 = £2 3s. 103d. Ans. Dartmouth, Teignmouth, Exmouth, Monmouth, mouth of the Frome, mouths of the Stour (Dorset) and Avon, mouths of the Test and Itchen, Arum, Ouse, Brede and Stour (Kent). The bays are Mount's Bay, Falmouth Bay, Austell Bay, Plymouth Sound, Start Bay, Torbay, Southampton Bay, Rye Bay, and the Downs. The headlands are Lizard Point, Start Point, Portland Bill, St. Albans Head, Needles, St. Catherine's Point, Beachy Head, Dungeness, and South Foreland. The principal seaports are Falmouth, Devonport, Plymouth, Southampton, Portsmouth, Newhaven, and Dover. 2. Describe as fully as you can the position, appearance, climate, and productions of the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands are situated in the English Channel, near the coast of France, west of the Department of Manche, and about sixty-five miles south of Portland Bil!. The appearance of these islands from the sea is very picturesque. Her Majesty the Queen says: "As we approached we were struck by the beauty of the Guernsey coast, in which there are several rocky bays, and the town of St. Pierre is very picturesquely built, down to the water's edge. The coast of Jersey is very beautiful; . . . . the red cliffs and rocks, with the setting sun gilding and lighting them all up. Alderney is quite different from the other islands, excessively rocky and barren, and the rocks in and under the sea are most frightful." The climate of these islands is mild, especially in winter, which renders them a favourite resort for invalids and persons of delicate constitution. The vegetable productions are abundant, though the soil is in some places light; grass and potatoes, grapes and other fruit especially flourish. The cost of living in these islands is comparatively small. 3. Describe fully the courses of the Clyde, the Shannon, and the Dee. If you know of two rivers bearing one of these names, describe both. The Clyde takes its rise in a knot of hills called Hart Fell, in Lanarkshire. It first flows northward, and then westward, through this county, and then between Dumbarton and Renfrewshire, forming finally the important estuary of the same name. On or close to its banks are built Lanark (near which are the celebrated Falls of Clyde), Hamilton, Glasgow, Dumbarton, Paisley, Port Glasgow, and Greenock. The Shannon rises in the Quilcagh Mountain in Cavan, and flows first south and then west through the county of Leitrim, and then between the counties of Roscommon on the west, and Longford, Westmeath, and King's County on the east. It then flows between Galway and Clare on one bank, and Tipperary, Limerick, and Kerry on the other, joining the Atlantic between Loop Head in Clare and Kerry Head in Kerry. It forms in its course three large lakes, Allen, Ree, and Derg, and on its banks are built Carrick-onShannon, Athlone, Killaloe, Limerick, Foynes, Tarbert, and Kilrush. In some places the scenery on each side is picturesque, but in general its shores are flat. There are two rivers in Great Britain, each called Dee, one in Scotland, the other principally in Wales. The Scotch Dee rises in the Grampian Range between Inverness and Aberdeen shires, and flows westward, in the latter part of its course dividing Kincardine from Aberdeenshire. On its banks are built Balmoral, a favourite residence of the Queen, Ballater, Banchory, and at its mouth, where it flows into the German Ocean, Aberdeen. The Welsh Dee rises in Lake Bala, in Merionethshire, and flows first east, then north, and finally east to join the Irish Sea. Chester is the only town of importance built upon it. NOTE. The examiner does not seem to be aware of a third river Dee, namely, that on which the town of Ardee is built, in the county of Louth. 3. Trace minutely the courses of the Elbe, the Oder, and the Vistula, mentioning in order the tributaries and towns connected with each of them, and describing the character of the country through which they flow. The Elbe rises in the southern extremity of Bohemia, in the Riesen-gebirge mountains, and after collecting the waters of Bohemia, it flows through the Erz-gebirge chain, and pursues a northwestern but winding course till it reaches the North Sea. Its principal tributaries are the Iser, the Moldau, the Eger, the Elster, the Mulde, the Havel, and the Ocker. The principal towns on its banks are Konnigratz, Pirna, Dresden, Miessen, Wittemberg, Dessau, Magdeburg, and, near its mouth, the important seaports of Hamburg and Altona. The upper part of its course, in Bohemia and Saxony, is through a mountainous region; where it leaves the former, and before reaching Dresden, the character of the country is such as to entitle it to the name of the Saxon Switzerland. The lower part of its course, in Prussia, is through a flat country. The Oder rises in the north-east side of the the Hartz mountains, in Moravia, and takes first a north-west, and then a northerly course till it reaches the Baltic. Before entering that sea it forms an extensive marine lake called the Stettin Hoff. The upper part of its course, being through a mountainous country, is rapid, but when it enters the low plain it becomes slow, and it frequently overflows its banks. Its principal tributaries are the Bartsch, the Boher, the Neiss, the Warta, and the Mictzel; and upon its banks, commencing with its source, are the towns or cities of Ratiborg, Oppeln, Breslau, Glogau, Frankfort, and Stettin. The Vistula rises on the northern declivity of the Carpathian mountains, and sweeps in an irregular semicircle convex to the east, till it comes within 120 miles of the coast of the Baltic, when it turns abruptly to the north-east, and pursues that direction till it reaches the sea, which it enters by two mouths. Like the Oder, it forms at the completion of its course a maritime lake called Frische Haff. The upper part of its course in Austria is rapid; even before it enters Russia, the country through which it flows is flat; and it maintains that character till it reaches its destination. Its principal tributaries are the Saan, the Bug, and the Soldau; and upon its banks are Cracow, Warsaw, Plock, Thorn, Bramberg, and Dantzic. ON DEFINITIONS. WE propose to make a few remarks on the Definition of Words, a matter which frequently forms an important part of examination papers on elementary subjects, and which is very often a of difficulty to candidates; it is not always easy, even when well acquainted with the meaning of a term, to give an accurate definition of it. uncommon 66 or There are two kinds of definitions, real (or logical) and verbal, the distinction between which must be carefully noted. A verbal definition is simply an explanation of un scientific word, by means of words which are better known to us. If we say a sphere is a "globe," or "a solid shaped like a ball," we give a purely verbal definition of the word sphere." Such a definition gives us no information as to what the thing denoted by the word "sphere" actually is. It defines the word only, and assumes that the thing denoted by the word is itself known to us. Euclid's definition of a straight line as one which lies evenly between its extreme poin's" is a good example of this kind of definition for it conveys no information to our mind unless we are already practically acquainted with a stratght line. In short, a verbal definition merely translates scientific into popular language. 66 A real or logical definition, on the other hand, is one that defines the thing itself, so that it would be known to us even if we had no previous knowledge of it. In order to understand clearly what is meant by a logical definition, the meaning of the term, "species" and "genus," as used in logic, must first be explained. Any group of individual objects, all possessing certain properties in common, when considered as a class, is called a species. For instance, house, metal, triangle, man, bird, are in logic called species. Any class of things which may be regarded as made up of two or more species is called a genus. Thus "building" is a genus if locked upon as consisting of the species house, stable, church, &c. So is "element "a genus |