IT LANDLORD AND TENANT. T is our intention to give occasional papers in a popular form on points of law that are turning up every day in the ordinary occurrences of life. With this object in view, a popular essay on Landlord and Tenant must prove acceptable to most of our readers. Almost every full-grown person is either a landlord, a tenant, or a lodger. Every one, then, is directly interested in acquiring an accurate knowledge of the relationship between landlord and tenant, whether he occupies a City shop, a suburban villa, or a country farm. We may here add-though some of our legal brethren may accuse is of a want of patriotism in making the avowal-that almost all litigation arises from ignorance of our exact legal rights in certain contingencies that at any time may crop up; and still further, those who have passed through the ordeal of a suit in one of the superior courts, and have undergone the delays, disappointments, and worry of an action at law, and finally have settled their bill of costs with their solicitor, are seldom inclined for a fresh experiment in Westminster Hall or Lincoln's-inn-fields. The person, therefore, who keeps us out of litigation may be fairly compared to the prudent stockbroker who preserves his patrons from rash speculation. We shall, in language as plain as we can command, perfectly devoid of all legal technicalities, explain the various rights and duties of owners and occupiers. A LANDLORD may be defined as one possessing an interest in a house or land, which for a consideration called RENT he hands over to another person called a TENANT, to possess for a time according to terms agreed upon. The day upon which the rent becomes payable is called the gale day. When it is paid half-yearly the usual gale days are the 25th March and 29th September; when it is paid quarterly the usual gale days in London and other large places are 25th March, 21st June, 29th September, and 25th December. These days are known as Lady Day, Midsummer Day, Michael T mas, and Christmas Days. In Ireland, however, persons take houses at any time, and make their gale days accordingly. Some pay the 10th May, 10th August, 10th December, and the 10th March; others the 17th July, 17th Oct., 17th January, &c., just as the tenancy begins. In many agricultural holdings the 1st May and 1st November are the gale days, which seems a preferable division of the year, allowing the farmer full time to garner the harvest before the November rent becomes due. Sometimes rent is payable in advance, which can only occur when a special agreement is made with the landlord to this effect. Some doubt having arisen as to whether rent payable in advance can be distrained for, several litigations have taken place on the subject, the result of which conclusively proves that a landlord can put in a distress for rent payable in advance, just as for rent payable in the ordinary way. We may here explain that head rent or ground rent is usually a small sum payable out of the holding to the head landlord: for instance, £5 or £6 out of a house rented at £40 or £50. These being very secure, command high prices when brought into the market by auctioneers and others. Profit rents admit of considerable inflation, and can appear on a skilled auctioneer's poster as very desirable investments. In many instances, however, the deductions are heavy, especially if the houses are old and badly built. A tenant in England, unless there is a covenant in his agreement to the contrary, may deduct from his rent property tax and income tax which he may have paid. "Such deduction should be made from the rent of the current year, and the tenant cannot claim it from his landlord at any subsequent period." (Woodfall.) In Ireland a different and more equitable practice prevails, as taxes paid by a tenant for which his landlord is liable are sued for like any other debt, and are only barred by the ordinary six years' limitation. GREEK. LESSON II.-The Declensions. HERE are three declensions of substantives, distinguished by the ending of the stem, or fixed part, which remains when the changeable terminations are taken away. The stem is usually found from the genitive singular. The first declension contains masculine substantives ending in the nominative in as and ns, and feminines in a and n. The second consists of masculines and a few feminines in oc and neuters The third has masculine, feminine, and in ov. neuter nouns with various endings. The nominative and vocative of feminine nouns of the first declension are the numbers. Nouns ending in a of the first declension have the genitive in -ns, and dative in -, if the final a be immediately preceded by any consonant except ρ. Otherwise they are declined like χώρα, as : γλῶσσα a tongue, genitive γλώσσης ; θέα a goddess, genitive θέας. ἐστί(ν), is εἰσι(ν), are ἐστί and εἰσί are changed respectively to ἐστιν and ɛia before words commencing with a vowel. The definite article is used: 1. Το denote a general idea or a whole class, 23 : ἡ φιλία ἐστίν ἡδεῖα, friendship is pleasant. 2. Το denote a particular idea, or object, as : ή νύμφη ἐστὶ καλή, the bride is beautiful. 3. Το distinguish the subject from the predicate, as : τῶν θεῶν οἰκητήριον ἐστὶν ὁ Ὄλυμπος, Olympus is the abode of the gods. The following rules should be carefully learnt: RULE I.-The article agrees with the substantive in gender, number, and case, as: ἡ πύλη, the gate ; τῆς πύλης, of the gate. RULE II.--Transitive verbs govern an accusative case, as : ἡ χώρα ἔχει πήγην, the land has a fountain. RULE III.-The genitive is used to signify the author or possessor, and answers to the questions, Of whom ? Of what ? as: ἡ τῆς χώρας θέα, the goddess of the land. RULE IV. Two or more nouns singular take the verb in the plural, as : ἡ πήγη καί ἡ χώρα εἰσί κάλαι, the fountain and the land are beautiful. RULE V.-The verb eiuí, "I am," takes the same case after it as before it, as : ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐστὶν ἀγαθός, the man is good. | χώρα, ἡ, land ἐστί(ν), (he, she, it) is Μοῦσα, ἡ, muse νύμφη, ή, bride πηγή, ή, fountain πύλη, ἡ, gate ῥώμη, ή, strength σκιά, ή, shadow σοφία, wisdom εἰσί(ν), (they) are ἔχουσι(ν), (they) have EXERCISE I.-Greek-English. (1) ἡ νύμφη ἔχει πηγήν. (2) αἱ νύμφαι ἔχουσι πηγάς. (3) ἡ ἀνδρεία ἔχει τήν ῥώμην. (4) ἡ δίκη ἐστί δόξα τῆς χώρας. (5) ἡ Μοῦσα ἔχει τὴν ἀλήθειαν. (6) ἡ χώρα ἔχει σκιάν. (7) αἱ χώρας ἔχουσι σκιάς. (8) ἡ Μοῦσα ἔχει τάς χώρας. (9) αἱ θέαι ἔχουσι χώρας. (10) ἡ πύλη ἔχει σκιάν. The re also are nouns ending in any of the vowels but e mute. THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. LESSON III.-The Noun or Substantive. The Noun must be considered under three heads :-Gender, Number, and Case. marks made about gender in the lesson on the article are applicable also to the noun; but we subjoin a couple of rules by which the gender may generally be distinguished. RULE I.-Nouns ending in a consonant are masculine, except those ending in eur and ion. So RULE II.—Nouns ending with e mute preceded by another vowel are feminine. Also, nouns ending in e mute preceded by a doubled consonant. We think it right here to caution the student against placing too much reliance on the foregoing LESSON IV. Cases of Nouns.-Contraction of the Articles. There are four cases in the French language, viz. : The Nominative, le nominatif. The Genitive, le génitif. The Accusative, l'accusatif. The Dative, le datif. The These cases are not distinguished, as in Latin, by different terminations of the noun, but by prepositions placed before the substantive. nominative and accusative answer to our nominative and objective. We also know that the case we call the possessive in English can be changed into the objective by means of the preposition of; for instance," my father's house" might be rendered "the house of my father." This latter is an exemplification of the genitive case in French. The dative answers to the question "to whom?" and is formed by putting the preposition à (to) before the article. The prepositions forming the cases genitive and dative undergo certain contractions which we must here point out. The genitive is known by de (of) being placed before the article; but when it occurs before the article le or les, it takes the form of du (singular), or des (plural). Genitive singular, du roi (instead of de le roi), of the king, or the king's. Genitive plural, des rois (instead of de les roi), of the kings, or the kings'. Before la and l', as well as before the possessive adjective pronouns mon, ma, &c., de remains unaltered: = to the boys. après veritable Nom. Acc. Gen. d'une mère of a mother Dat. à ne mère to a mother. une mère = a mother by, of, from the bird the roof mortal lost received (1) Avez-vous reçu une livre ? (2) Vous avez une montre d'or. (3) L'enfant est sous l'arbre. (4) Connaissez-vous le nom de cette fleur? (5) Oui, elle est une rose. (6) Qui est là ? Les enfants de Madame Delane. (8) Vous êtes une bonne fille. (9) Le roi et le berger sont égaux après la mort. (10) Le lis est un emblème véritable de la modestie. (11) Un enfant, doux et aimable, est aimé de tout le monde. (12) Le soleil, la lune, et les étoiles, sont la gloire de la nature. (13) Je vous souhaite toute espèce de bonheur. (14) Vous êtes une fille aimable. (15) Vous êtes l'objet de mon amour, et j'ai, à ton bonheur, voué ma vie entière. THÈME II. (1) She is a beautiful girl. (2) We are happy. (3) Are they happy? Yes, sir. (4) Time is precious. (5) Man is mortal. (6) Have you seen my uncle's dog? (7) Has he a silver watch? (8) Do you know my father and (my) mother? (9) Have you a hat? Yes; and I have a horse. (10) Has she lost anything, sir? (11) Are you happy, Mary? (12) Is your sister in London yet? (13) Do you know my name? Yes; your name is John. (14) Ambition and avarice are two great sources of unhappiness. (15) The bird is on the roof. KEY TO EXERCISE II. (1) Have you received a book? (2) You have a gold watch. (3) The child is under the tree. (4) Do you know the name of this flower? (5) Yes; it is a rose. (6) Who is there? (7) Madame Delane's children. (8) You are a good girl. (9) The king and the shepherd are equal after death. (10) The lily is a true emblem of modesty. (11) A child gentle and amiable is beloved by everybody. (12) The sun, moon, and stars are the glory of nature. (13) I wish you every kind of happiness. (14) You are an amiable girl. (15) You are the object of my love, and I have to thy happiness vowed my whole life. KEY TO THEME II. (1) Elle est une belle fille. (2) Nous sommes heureux. (3) Sont-ils heureux? Oai, Monsieur. (4) Le temps est précieux. (5) L'homme est mortel. (6) Avez-vous vu le chien de mon oncle ? (7) A-t-il un montre d'argent? (8) Connaissezvous mon père et ma mère ? (9) Avez-vous un chapeau? Oui, et j'ai un cheval. (10) A-telle perdu quelque chose, Monsieur? (11) Etesvous heureuse, Marie? (12) Votre sœur estelle à Londres encore? (13) Connaissez-vous mon nom? Oui, votre nom est Jean. (14) L'ambition et l'avarice sont deux grandes sources du malheur. (15) L'oiseau est sur le toit. BOOK-KEEPING. LESSON II. N the previous lesson we gave some prelimi keeping in a general way. As the account which records the receipt and payment of money is very easily understood, we shall explain it in the very cutset. Let us take two opposite pages of a blank book, and write on the top of the lefthand page "Cash Dr.," and on the right-hand "Contra Cr.," ruling three columns for £ s. d. on the right of each page, and a column for the date on the left of each, as in the example below. Now, two pages on which an account is thus opened are called a folio; and instead of saying a cash account is in such a page, we say it is in such a folio. Whatever money is on hand, or that afterwards comes in, we enter on the Dr. or left-hand side, with the date and the word "To" prefixed, mentioning the source from which it comes; and whatever money goes out we enter on the Cr. side, with the word "By" and the date |