Mr. Levett this day showed me Dr. Johnson's library which was contained in two garrets over his chambers, where Lintot, son of the celebrated bookseller of that name, had formerly his warehouse.-Croker's Boswell, p. 149.

A few days afterwards I called on Davies, and asked him if he thought I might take the liberty of waiting on Mr. Johnson at his chambers in the Temple. He said I certainly might, and that Mr. Johnson would take it as a compliment. So upon Tuesday the 24th of May [1763] . . . I boldly repaired to Johnson. His chambers were on the first floor of No. 1 Inner Temple Lane, and I entered them with an impression given me by the Rev. Dr. Blair of Edinburgh, who . . . described his having "found the giant in his den.” . . . He received me very courteously; but, it must be confessed, that his apartment and furniture, and morning dress, were sufficiently uncouth. His brown suit of clothes looked very rusty; he had on a little old shrivelled unpowdered wig, which was too small for his head; his shirt neck and knees of his breeches were loose; his black worsted stockings ill-drawn up; and he had a pair of unbuckled shoes by way of slippers. But all these slovenly particulars were forgotten the moment that he began to talk.-Boswell, p. 134.

When Madam de Boufflers was first in England (said Beauclerk), she was desirous to see Johnson. I accordingly went with her to his chambers in the Temple, where she was entertained with his conversation for some time. When our visit was over, she and I left him, and were got into Inner Temple Lane, when all at once I heard a voice like thunder. This was occasioned by Johnson, who, it seems, upon a little recollection, had taken it into his head that he ought to have done the honours of his literary residence to a foreign lady of quality, and eager to show himself a man of gallantry, was hurrying down the staircase in violent agitation. He overtook us before we reached the Temple Gate, and brushing in between me and Madam de Boufflers, seized her hand, and conducted her to her coach. His dress was a rusty brown morning suit, a pair of old shoes by way of slippers, a little shrivelled wig sticking on the top of his head, and the sleeves of his shirt and the knees of his breeches hanging loose. A considerable crowd of people gathered round, and were not a little struck by this singular appearance. - Boswell, p. 468.

James Boswell, the biographer of Johnson, lodged in the chambers of the Rev. Mr. Temple, in "Farrar's Buildings" (demolished in 1875 and rebuilt in more recent taste), "at the bottom of Inner Temple Lane." "I found them," he says, "particularly convenient for me, as they were so near Dr. Johnson's.” 1 Cowper took chambers here in 1752; here his early poems were written, and here occurred the first serious symptoms of the malady which darkened the remainder of his days.

I gave two hundred and fifty pounds for the chambers. Mr. Ashurst's receipt, and the receipt of the person of whom he purchased, are both among my papers; and when wanted, as I suppose they will be in the case of a sale, shall be forthcoming at your order.-Cowper to Joseph Hill, December 2, 1781.

Charles Lamb at No. 4, from 1809 to October 1817, when he removed to Russell Street, Covent Garden.

I have been turned out of my chambers in the Temple by a landlord who wanted them for himself, but I have got others at No. 4 Inner Temple Lane, far more commodious and roomy. I have two rooms on the third floor, and five rooms above, with an inner staircase to myself, and all new painted, etc., for £30 a year. The rooms are delicious, and the best look backwards into Hare Court, where there is a pump always going; just now it is dry. Hare Court's trees come in at the

1 Croker's Boswell, p. 149.

window, so that it's like living in a garden.—Lamb to Coleridge (Final Memorials, vol. i. p. 171).

My best room commands a court, in which there are trees and a pump, the water of which is excellent cold-with brandy, and not very insipid without.-Lamb to Manning, June 1810.

Lamb's dwelling, like Johnson's, has been swept away by recent improvements. John (afterwards Lord Chief-Justice) Campbell at No. 5 in 1804. Barometers were first sold in London by Jones, a clockmaker in Inner Temple Lane.

Because the instruments were rare, and confined to the cabinets of the virtuosi ; and one was not to be had but by means of some of them. Therefore his lordship [Lord Keeper Guildford] thought fit to put some ordinary tradesmen upon making and selling them in their shops; and, accordingly, he sent for Jones, the clockmaker, in the Inner Temple Lane, and having shown him the fabric, and given him proper cautions in the erecting of them, recommended the setting them forth for sale in his shop; and, it being a new thing, he would certainly find customers. He did so, and was the first person that exposed the instrument to sale publicly in London.— North's Lives of the Norths, 8vo ed., 1826, vol. ii. p. 203.

Innholders' Hall, No. 6 COLLEGE STREET, Upper Thames Street, the corner of Dowgate Hill, the hall of the Innholders' Company. The Innholders, the thirty-second in order of the City Companies, were recognised as a guild by the Court of Aldermen in 1446; and incorporated by Henry VI. in 1515. Hostelers or Innholders were by an early City ordnance ordered to be "good and sufficient persons," and by an Act of Common Council, 1663, they were bound to be free of this company. A petition in 1473 complained that "the members of the fraternity being called hostellers, and not innholders, had no title by which to distinguish them from their servants, and prayed that they might be recognised as the misterie of innholders." The Vintners' Company was incorporated earlier.1 The old hall was rebuilt after the Great Fire from the designs of Sir C. Wren and Jarman. The present hall was built in 1886 from the design of J. Douglas Matthews, architect.

Inns of Chancery, inns, nine in number, attached to the four Inns of Court. To (a) the Inner Temple belonged Clifford's Inn, Clement's Inn, and Lyon's Inn; to (b) the Middle Temple, New Inn and Strand Inn; to (c) Lincoln's Inn, Furnival's Inn and Thavies's Inn; and to (d) Gray's Inn, Staple Inn and Barnard's Inn. [See these names.]

Inns of Court (The), "the noblest nurseries of Humanity and Liberty in the Kingdom," 2 are four in number. [See Gray's Inn, Lincoln's Inn, Temple (Inner and Middle).] Each inn is an independent body. They are called Inns of Court from being anciently held in the "Aula Regia," or Court of the King's Palace. Their 1 Inns of Old Southwark, p. 6.

2 Ben Jonson dedicates his Every Man out of his Humour "To the Noblest Nurseries of

Humanity and Liberty in the Kingdom, the
Inns of Court."

government is vested in "Benchers," consisting of the most distinguished members of the English Bar-a numerous body, comprising nearly 6000 barristers. The four Inns of Court have alone the right of admitting persons to practice as barristers, and that rank can only be attained by keeping the requisite number of terms as a student at one of those Inns. The General Rules for Admission as a Student, keeping Terms, and Calling to the Bar, are set forth in the "Consolidated Regulations of the Four Inns of Court," dated December 1875. The several inns vary somewhat in their minor requirements, but all adopt the Consolidated Regulations. At the outset it is laid down that "No attorney at law, solicitor, writer to the signet, or writer of the Scotch courts, proctor, notary public, clerk in chancery, parliamentary agent, or agent in any court original or appellate, clerk to any justice of the peace, or person acting in any of those capacities," and no clerk to any such person "shall be admitted as a student at any Inn of Court until such person shall have entirely and bonâ fide ceased to act or practise in any of the capacities above named or described." Every person applying for admission as a student must furnish a statement in writing to the above effect; describe his age, residence and condition in life, and comprising a certificate of his respectability and fitness signed by two barristers. Lincoln's Inn requires in addition a declaration by the applicant that he is "not in trade." The applicant, if he has not "passed a public examination at any university within the British Dominions," must satisfactorily pass an examination in the English and Latin languages, and English history. As late as the reign of Charles I. it was the rule of the four courts that, as Gerard Leigh tells us, "gentlemen of three descents only were admitted."

As soon as a person has been admitted a student he is allowed free access to the library of the Inn, to which he belongs, and is also entitled to a seat in the Temple Church, or chapel of his Inn, paying only some trifling sum annually by way of preachers' dues. He is also entitled to have his name set down for chambers. The applicant, before he can enter into "commons," must sign a bond with sureties conditioned to pay the dues.

A student, previous to keeping any of his terms, must deposit with the treasurer of the Society £100, to be returned (without interest) on its depositor being called to the bar; or in case of his death, to his personal representative. But this deposit is not required from persons who are members of the Scotch Bar, or members of any university; but before call a degree must be taken or two years' terms be kept at the University.

Students who shall at the same time be members of any university, may keep Terms "by dining in their respective Inns of Court any three days in each Law Term;" other students by dining in their respective Inns six days in each Law Term.

Calls to the Bar take place on the sixteenth day of a Law Term, unless that day be Sunday, and in such case on the Monday after. student must have attained the age of twenty-one years, and have kept

The

twelve Law Terms before being called; but under certain circumstances "four terms and no more may be dispensed with." The name and description of every such student must "have been screened in Hall, Benchers' Room, and Treasurer's or Steward's office of the Inn of which he is a student, fourteen days in the Term before such call;" and similarly in the other Inns of Court. Pass and honours certificates are granted; and those students who obtain honours take rank in seniority over all other students called on the same day. Each Inn has some special rules, but those we have given are the essential points as stated in the Consolidated Regulations. The entrance expenses at the several Inns average about £40, the great bulk of which is for stamps, i.e. £25 for admission, and £1: 6s. for a bond. Five guineas are for the Public Lecture fee. The stamp required for a call to the Bar costs £50. The additional charges amount to between £40 and £50, of which £12: 12s. are a "commutation for annual duties." Every student may, if he choose, dine in the Hall every day during term. A bottle of wine is allowed to each mess of four. At the Middle Temple "Commons are charged 2s. per dinner; the fee for keeping Terms is 2s." At the Inner Temple "Commons are charged £1: Is. per Term for six dinners, and 3s. 6d. per dinner above that number." At Lincoln's Inn "Commons and Dues before Call" amount

to £5: 5s. a year. At Gray's Inn the cost of keeping Terms is £1: 135. per Term, "for which sum a student can dine for a fortnight, but is equally charged, if the Term be kept, although he does not dine so often." 1

The discipline of these societies was, till within these eighty years (1760), very strict. The students appeared upon all occasions, and in all places, in their proper habits; and for neglecting to appear in such habit, or for want of decency in it, they were punished by being put two years backward in their standing. This habit was discontinued because the Templars, having been guilty of riots in some parts of the town, being known by their habits to be such, a reproach was thereby reflected on the society for want of discipline.-Pegge's Curialia Misc., p. 324.

King James I. declares, in one of his printed speeches in the Star Chamber, that there were only three classes of people who had any right to settle in London-the courtiers, the citizens, and the gentlemen of the Inns of Court. When the King delivered this opinion, each Inn of Court consisted of about 20 readers, 60 utter barristers, and 180 socii, or "fellows," who spent their time in the study of the law, and commendable exercises fit for gentlemen. A student of an Inn of Chancery became an inner barrister of an Inn of Court soon after his admission, and after seven years he proceeded an utter or outer barrister, and was then said to have been called to the bar. Readers, or, as they are now called, benchers, were men of at least twelve years' standing as utter barristers.

Institute (Royal) of British Architects, 9 CONDUIT STREET, REGENT STREET, founded 1834 for the advancement of architecture,

1 Inns of Court Calendar.

262 ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS

and incorporated by Royal Charter, January 11, 1837, and a Supplemental Charter dated March 28, 1888 (50 Vict.). There are three classes of subscribing members, and two classes of non-subscribing members: (1) Fellows: architects engaged as principals for at least seven years in the practice of architecture. (2) Associates: persons engaged in the study or pracitce of architecture, who have attained the age of twenty-one, and passed an examination. (3) Honorary Associates: persons not professionally in practice as architects. There are also Honorary Fellows and Honorary corresponding members (not British subjects). The meetings are held fortnightly during the session, on Monday evenings. The library of books on architecture is the best in London.

Institute (Royal) of Painters in Water Colours, PICCADILLY, originally founded in Pall Mall as the New Society of Water Colours in 1831. Removed in 1883 to the new building in Piccadilly (E. R. Robson, architect). [See Society of Painters in Water Colours.]

Institute of Painters in Oil Colours, PICCADILLY. A Society in connection with the above, founded in 1883, whose Exhibitions are held annually in the same galleries.

Institution (Royal). [See Royal Institution.]

Institution of Civil Engineers, 25 GREAT GEORGE STREET, WESTMINSTER, founded 1818; incorporated by Royal Charter, June 3, 1828. The Institution consists of members resident in London paying 4 guineas annually, and members not resident 3 guineas annually; of Associates resident in London paying 3 guineas annually, and Associates not resident 2 guineas; of students resident in London paying 2 guineas annually, and students not resident 1 guinea; and of Honorary Members. The ordinary meetings are held every Tuesday evening, from the second Tuesday in November to the end of May. The first president was Thomas Telford (1820-1834); the second, James Walker (1835-1845); the third, Sir John Rennie. Portraits of several distinguished engineers adorn the walls of the meeting

room.

Ireland Yard, on the west side of ST. ANDREW'S HILL, and in the parish of ST. ANNE, BLACKFRIARS. Here stood the house which Shakespeare bought in 1612, and bequeathed by will to his daughter, Susanna Hall. In the deed of conveyance to the poet the house is described as "abutting upon a street leading down to Puddle Wharf," and now or late in the tenure or occupacon of one William Ireland" [hence, Ireland Yard], "part of which said tenement is erected over a great gate, leading to a capital messuage, which some time was in the tenure of William Blackwell, Esquire, deceased, and since that in the tenure or occupacon of the Right Honourable Henry now Earl of Northumberland." The original deed of conveyance