A.D. 3 4 5 L. Aelius Lamia, M. Ser- Fourth period of principatus [Dio 55, 12]. vilius. Ex Kal. Iul. P. Silius, L. Volusius Saturninus. Ex Kal. Iul. C. Clodius Li- L. Valerius Messala Volesus, nus. Ex Kal. Iul. C. Ateius Capito, C. Vibius Postumus. 6 M. Aemilius Lepidus, L. Aruntius abd. 7 8 L. Nonius Asprenas. A. Licinius Nerva Silianus, M. Furius Camillus, Sex. Nonius Quinctilianus. A. Vibius Habitus. Ex Kal. Iul M. Papius Mu- Death of Gaius Caesar at Zimyra in Lycia (23 Feb.). Tiberius and Agrippa Postumus adopted by Augustus (27 June). Tiberius receives trib. pot. for 10 years and goes to Germany, the campaign lasting till December. Treason of Gnaeus Cornelius. Second campaign of Tiberius in Germany. A severe famine in Rome. Third campaign of Tiberius in Germany. Re- Germanicus (son of Drusus) sent to Pannonia. The Pannonians submit, but there is still fighting in Dalmatia. Tiberius visits Rome, but has to return to Dalmatia, and the whole of Illyricum is subdued. Defeat and death of Varus, c. 23 [Dio 56, 18-24; Vell. 2, 117-120]. Birth of Vespasian (afterwards Emperor). Exile of Ovid and of the younger Iulia. P. Cornelius Dolabella, C. Tiberius goes to Germany to restore discipline Iunius Silanus. Ex Kal. Iul. Ser. Cornelius Lentulus. and to make preparations for crossing the Rhine. Augustus makes great exertions to enrol fresh legions [Suet. Tib. 18; Dio 56, 23]. M. Aemilius Lepidus, T. Tiberius and Germanicus cross the Rhine, but Statilius Taurus. Ex Kal. Iul. L. Cassius Longinus. advance a very short distance and fight no battle. The Rhine remains the limit of the Roman empire. Germanicus Caesar, C. Fon- Tiberius celebrates a triumph ex Pannoniis Dalmatisque. Birth of Caligula at Trèves (?) (31 Aug.), Suet. Cal. 8. The principatus renewed a fifth time for 10 years. Augustus with Tiberius as colleague holds a census, cc. 27, 97, Tib. 21. Death of Augustus (19 August). C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM LIBER II. DIVUS AUGUSTUS. The Gens Octavia. GENTEM Octaviam Velitris praecipuam olim fuisse, multa 1 declarant. Nam et vicus celeberrima parte oppidi iam pridem Octavius vocabatur et ostendebatur ara Octavio consecrata, qui bello dux finitimo, cum forte Marti rem divinam faceret, nuntiata repente hostis 1. Velitris. It seems doubtful whether Velitrae was originally a Latin or Volscian town. It long maintained independence of Rome. Twice at least (B.C. 492 and 404) it was occupied by Roman coloni. Yet the original inhabitants absorbed or overcame these coloni and maintained the traditional hostility to Rome. At the end of the Latin War (B. C. 340-338) its senators were removed beyond the Tiber, its walls dismantled, and new settlers were sent to occupy the lands of the banished senators. Still it retained a form of municipal government [Livy 8, 14] and shared in the Roman civitas under the Lex Iulia of B.C. 90. The members of the gens Octavia however who were settled there were already Roman citizens. praecipuam, 'distinguished.' Tac. A. 12, 40 praecipuus scientia rei mili 7 taris. As applied to living persons in this sense it seems chiefly prae-classical and of the silver age. celeberrima, 'most frequented.' CatoR. R. 1 § 3 recommends that there should be near the farm a via bona celebrisque; cp. infr. c. 44 ludi celeberrimi. oppidi as opposed to urbs (Rome), cp. Tib. 11; Otho 1, though the two words are often interchanged. ara Octavio consecrata, 'an altar consecrated by an Octavius'; cf. Iul. 20 campum Stellatem maioribus consecratum...divisit. Some however explain it as dative 'dedicated to,' i.e. for the use of Octavius and his family. The builder of such an altar consecrated it to the use of himself and his family, see for instance Willmanns' Exempl. Inscr. 2514 C CLODIVS C. L. EVPHEMVS NEGOCIATOR PENORIS • ET. VINORVM. DE . VELABRO A⚫ IIII. incursione, semicruda exta rapta foco prosecuit, atque ita proelium ingressus victor redit. Decretum etiam publicum exstabat, quo cavebatur ut in posterum quoque simili modo exta Marti redderentur, reliquiaeque ad Octavios referrentur. 2 Ea gens a Tarquinio Prisco rege inter minores gentis adlecta s in senatum, mox a Servio Tullio in patricias traducta, procedente tempore ad plebem se contulit, ac rursus magno LIBERTIS· EORVM. SCARIS ARAM POSVIT. SIBI CONSECRAVIT. DEDICAVITQVE QVE • SVIS. POSTERISQVE Such an altar served at once as a rendezvous of the family and a memorial of some great event. Thus the exsecrata columna [Cic. 1 Phil. § 5] set up by the pseudo-Marius where Caesar's body was burnt is called by Dio Cassius a ßwuós [44, 51] and an ara by Brutus [ad fam. 12, 2]. Even when such memorials in the streets took the form of statues, incense was offered on them as altars. Cicero de Off. 3, § 80 (of Marius Gratidianus) et ea res, si quaeris, ei magno honori fuit. Omnibus vicis statuae, ad eas tus, cerei. prosecuit is a ritual word, and was applied to formal cutting or slicing of the entrails, as inseco to the flesh, in preparation for the altar. Cato R. R. 134 ubi exta prosecta erunt, Iano struem ommoveto mactatoque item uti prius obmoveris. Varro L. L. 110 insicia ab eo quod insecta caro, ut in carmine Saliorum est, quod in extis dicitur nunc prosectum. Livy 5, 21 vocem haruspicis dicentis qui eius hostiae exta prosecuisset ei victoriam dari' exauditam. See also Lucan 6, 709; Ovid F. 6, 163. redderentur is also a ritual word applied to the action of placing the exta on the altar. Carmen Arv. C. I. L. 28 deinde reversus ad aram extas reddidit. Vergil G. 2, 194 lancibus et pandis fumantia reddimus exta. Stat. Theb. 4, 466 semineces fibras et adhuc spirantia reddit viscera. This was also expressed by exta porricere. reliquiae...referrentur, that is, the parts not burnt were to be taken to the house of the Octavii. Cp. Plaut. Poen. 2, 43 age eamus intro, dum exta referuntur. Ovid Met. 12, 153 cuius ut imposuit prosecta calentibus aris...sacra tulere suam, pars est data cetera mensis. 2. ea gens...senatum. The addition of 100 to the Senate by Tarquinius Priscus is recorded by Livy 1, 35; Dionysius 3, 67. Cicero [de Re P. 2, 20] says that he doubled the number. The gentes from whom they were taken were called gentes minores. The process was called adlectio [Suet. Iul. 80, πроσкатαλéyew Plut. Rom. 20], or sublectio [Livy ep. 70; Tac. Ann. 11, 25]. But neither of this nor of the subsequent traductio by Servius Tullius have we any knowledge. It seems to have been a later invention. The Octavii known to us in Livy [28, 36; 29, 13, 36; 30, 2, 24, 36; 31, 3, 11; 34, 45; 35, 25; 36, 16] are a Plebeian gens, of which the first to hold curule office was Cn. Octavius, praetor in 205. For the term traductio see Cicero pro Sest. § 15 traductio ad plebem furibundi hominis; ad Att. 2, 9 hic Hierosolymarius traductor ad plebem. per Divum Iulium...redit. The elevation of Octavius to the patriciate seems to have taken place soon after the battle of Pharsalus (August B.C. 48). On the 18th of October following [C. I. L. 10, 8375] Octavius took the toga virilis, and in describing the ceremony Dio [45, 2] says ἐξ οὖν τούτων ὁ Καῖσαρ μέγαλα ἐπ' αὐτῷ ἐπελπίσας ἔςτε τοὺς εὐπατρίδας αὐτὸν ἐσήγαγε καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἤσκει. At the same time he was elected into the college of Pontifices in the place of Ahenobarbus, who had fallen in the battle [Nicolas Dam. 4]. But as Caesar did not return to Rome till the autumn of 47, the actual traductio may not have taken place till later; perhaps in 46 or 45, when in virtue of a lex Cassia [Tac. Ann. 11, 25] Caesar endeavoured to recruit the diminishing patrician gentes, which had sunk to fourteen or fifteen, by new creations, Dio 43, 47 Toλλovs dè kal ἐς τοὺς εὐπατρίδας τούς τε ὑπατευκότας ἢ καὶ ἀρχήν τινα ἄρξαντας ἐγκατέλεξεν. For this new class of nobility see Mommsen R. H. 4 p. 475. Augustus continued the practice,-patriciorum numerum auxi consul quintum (B.C. 29) iussu populi et senatus, M. A. 1, 8, cp. Dio 52, 42; Tacitus .c. Subsequent emperors did it on their own authority. intervallo per Divum Iulium in patriciatum redit. Primus ex hac magistratum populi suffragio cepit C. Rufus. Is quaestorius CN. et C. procreavit, a quibus duplex Octaviorum familia defluxit conditione diversa. Siquidem Gnaeus et 5 deinceps ab eo reliqui omnes functi sunt honoribus summis. At Gaius eiusque posteri, seu fortuna seu voluntate, in equestri ordine constiterunt usque ad Augusti patrem. Proavus Augusti secundo Punico bello stipendia in Sicilia tribunus militum fecit Aemilio Papo imperatore. Avus municipalibus stipendia in Sicilia. L. Aemilius Papus was Praetor in 205, and had Sicily allotted to him [Liv. 28, 38], where there were at the time two legions made up of the soldiers disgraced at Cannae and Herdonia. But it is not true, as the writer in Smith's Biographical Dictionary states, that C. Octavius was at Cannae. He quotes Frontinus Strateg. 4, 5, 7, where however it is Cn. Octavius who is mentioned. avus municipalibus magisteriis, ‘municipal offices.' Magisterium properly the office of a magister, as Cicero prov. cons. § 46 describes the office of censor as magisterium morum. Cp.magisterium equitum Tib. 3; magisteria sacerdotii Cal. 22; magisterium collegii [Minervae] Dom. 4; and the later office of pedestre magisterium, Aurel. Vict. Caesares 42. It is not classical as a technical word for the office of a magistratus, and Suetonius here uses it as opposed to the imperial magistratus. The offices in a municipium varied in different towns. The prevailing ones were those of Senate or Council (decuriones, centumviri, curiales or curia); officers yearly elected, -and popular election went on in these towns more than 100 years after it ceased in Rome,-as two duumviri iuri dicundo, consules, two quaestores, two aediles. In some-called praefecturae—a praefectus iuri dicundo was yearly appointed by the Praetor at Rome. În others-coloniae-there were quattuorviri, censores, and curatores. Though after the Social War and the lex Iulia (B.C. 90) the civil status of these towns was assimilated, the interior constitution varied as before. As regarded Rome they were all municipia and possessed the franchise, but with respect to their internal administration they were still to be classed as municipia, coloniae, praefecturae, conciliabula. See W. T. Arnold, Roman Provincial Administration, p. 225. 3 magisteriis contentus abundante patrimonio tranquillissime senuit. Sed haec alii; ipse Augustus nihil amplius quam equestri familia ortum se scribit vetere ac locuplete, et in Augustus only qua primus senator pater suus fuerit. M. Antonius s equestrian libertinum ei proavum exprobrat, restionem e pago rank. Thurino, avum argentarium. Nec quicquam ultra de paternis Augusti maioribus repperi. claimed The C. Octavius pater a principio aetatis et re et existimatione magna fuit, ut equidem mirer hunc quoque a non- 10 nullis argentarium atque etiam inter divisores operasque campestris proditum; amplis enim innutritus father of Augustus, sed haec alii. No doubt many flatterers or enemies were found to search the annals of the Octavii. Suetonius quotes as writers on the life of Augustus, Iulius Marathus (cc. 79, 94); C. Drusus (c. 94); Iulius Saturninus (c. 27); Aquilius Niger (c. 11); M. Valerius Messala Corvinus (c. 74). C. Asinius Pollio, who wrote on the Civil War [Iul. c. 55-6], does not seem to have brought his history down to the reign of Augustus. The only considerable fragment of such a work which we possess is that of Nicolas of Damascus, friend and secretary of Herod, and in high favour with Augustus himself. On this point however he merely says that his father was a Senator (τῶν ἐκ τῆς συγκλήτου), and his ancestors κατά τε πλοῦτον καὶ ἐπιεικείαν ὀνοματώτατοι. ipse Augustus. Besides the Res gestae left by Augustus to be inscribed in various parts of the empire and preserved for us in the Monumentum Ancyranum, he wrote a history of his own life and times. See cc. 25, 27, 42, 74, 85-6, Claud. 1; de Gramm. 16. This work was used by Plutarch in the lives of Cicero (45), Brutus (27), Antony (22, 68); and by Appian [B. civ. 42], Dio Cassius [48, 44], and by other later writers. Augustus also caused the honours of his grandfather and father to be inscribed on marble slabs adorning some chapel in his palace. That of his grandfather (if it is his) is too much broken to be of use. That of his father is entire. [C. I. L. Vol. 1, p. 278.] PRO. COS IMPERATOR. APELLATUS • EX PROVINCIA. MACEDONIA. M. Antonius. The slanders of Antony were apparently conveyed in letters principally written in the two or three years previous to the battle of Actium, which his friends or his enemies published. e pago Thurino. The term pagus as applied to the municipia properly indicates a village or other unit of inhabitants in the country as opposed to the vicus in the town; but Suetonius seems to be using it loosely for ager Thurinus (c. 3) or regio Thurina (c. 7). In B.C. 193 a 'Latin' colony was settled at Thurii-consisting of 3000 veterans of the infantry and 300 from the cavalry; but its territory was so large that these were not considered sufficient, and a third of the land was retained for future allotments [Livy 35, 9 numerus exiguus pro copia agri]. The name was changed to Copia, but this seems not to have lasted, and the old appellation prevailed. argentarius, ' money-changer' or 'banker,' Nero 5. Cicero Caecin. § 16. Whether the Octavii did possess a ropewalk at Thurii and a bank at Thurii or Velitrae is quite unknown. They were certainly wealthy. 3. divisores operasque campestris. Cicero [Harus. resp. § 42] speaks of the quaestus campestris as being of the most profitable kind (maxime fecundus). It was of various sorts. Friendly supporters (suffragatores) distributed passes for theatres and festivals [Cic. Mur. § 72]; election agents (sequestres) held sums of money which the divisores distributed; and the heads of political clubs or sodalitates brought |