61

et provincias peragranti cotidiana officia togati ac sine regio insigni, more clientium praestiterunt.

Quoniam, qualis in imperis ac magistratibus regendaque

Domestic affairs.

per terrarum orbem pace belloque re publica fuerit, exposui: referam nunc interiorem ac familiarem eius 5 vitam, quibusque moribus atque fortuna domi et inter suos egerit a iuventa usque ad supremum vitae diem. Matrem amisit in primo consulatu, sororem Octaviam quin

Death

of Atia,

B.C. 43.

quagensimum et quartum agens aetatis annum. Utrique cum praecipua officia vivae praestitisset, etiam defunctae honores maximos tribuit.

IO

cotidiana officia, c. 27, p. 60.

togati ac... insigni. Eutrop. 7, 5 multi autem reges ex regnis suis venerunt, et habitu Romano, togati scilicet, ad vehiculum vel equum ipsius cucurrerunt. M. A. 32 ad me supplices confugerunt reges Parthorum Tiridates et postea Phrates, regis Phratis filius; Medorum Artavasdes; Adiabenorum Artaxares; Britannorum Dumnobellan

nus.

To wear the toga was to acknowledge themselves Romans and subjects. Thus long before (B.C. 175-164) Antiochus Epiphanes wore the toga and imitated the Roman magistrates [Polyb. 26], and about B.C. 167 King Prusias dressed himself as a Roman libertus to meet the Roman envoys [Polyb. 30, 19].

61. matrem. Atia died soon after he arrived in Rome from Mutina, in August B.C. 43. She had been concealed for safety by the Vestals during his absence [App. B. civ. 3, 92]. His first consulship extended from 19 Au

gust in that year to the formation of the triumvirate in November. Her death and public funeral about this time are mentioned by Dio 47, 17.

Octaviam. See c. 4, pp. 6-7.

utrique...tribuit. The relations of Augustus with his mother and sister are the most pleasing part of his history. The influence of the former is dwelt on by Nicolas repeatedly. It was fear for their safety which hastened his march to Rome in B.C. 43 [App. B. civ. 3, 92]. His sister's influence twice prevented a breach between him and Antony [p. 7], and he commemorated her by some of his most splendid public works [see pp. 6, 7, 64]. Atia was honoured by a public funeral [Dio 47, 17], and over Octavia (who died in B.C. II) he himself pronounced the funeral oration [Dio 54, 35]. See Plut. Ant. 31 ἔστεργε δ' ὑπερφυῶς τὴν ἀδελφὴν χρῆμα θαυμαστόν, ὡς λέγεται, γενομένην γυ ναικός.

dia, B.C. 43,

Sponsam habuerat adulescens P. Servili Isaurici filiam, 62 sed reconciliatus post primam discordiam Antonio, His three expostulantibus utriusque militibus ut et necessitu- marriages, dine aliqua iungerentur, privignam eius Claudiam, (1) Clau5 Fulviae ex P. Clodio filiam, duxit uxorem vixdum (2) Scribonia, nubilem, ac simultate cum Fulvia socru orta dimisit B.C. 40, intactam adhuc et virginem. Mox Scriboniam in (3) Livia, B.C. 38. matrimonium accepit, nuptam ante duobus consularibus, ex altero etiam matrem. Cum hac quoque divor10 tium fecit, pertaesus, ut scribit, morum perversitatem eius,

62. sponsam, see on sponsalia c. 53. Such a contract was dissolved by repudium. Dig. 50, 16, 101 § 1 divortium inter virum et uxorem fieri dicitur, repudium vero sponsae remitti videtur, quod et in uxoris personam non absurde cadit. That is, you may say either divortium or repudium of a wife, but only repudium of a sponsa.

P. Servili Isaurici. P. Servilius Vatia inherited the cognomen Isauricus from the conqueror of Cilicia and the Isaurian pirates (B. C. 78-74). He was colleague of Iulius as consul in B.C. 48, and had remained faithful to him throughout. After his death he joined the senatorial party for a time against Antony; but Cicero complains that he was lukewarm [14 Phil. §§ 7, 11; Att. 4, 15; II, 5], and at any rate he soon reconciled himself to Antony, and in B.C. 41 was again consul, it is supposed as a compensation for the repudiation of his daughter.

expostulantibus...militibus, B.C. 43; Dio 46, 56 καν τούτῳ οἱ τοῦ ̓Αντωνίου στρατιῶται τὴν θυγατέρα τὴν τῆς Φουλουίας τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ, ἣν ἐκ τοῦ Κλωδίου εἶχε, τῷ Καίσαρι καίτοι ἑτέραν εγγεγυημένῳ προεξένησαν, τοῦ ̓Αντωνίου δῆλον ὅτι τοῦτο κατασκευάσαντος. Plut. Ant. 20. Fulviae. See pp. 18, 41. Fulvia married first P. Clodius, Cicero's enemy, who was killed in Jan. B.C. 52; secondly, Gaius Curio, who fell in Africa, B.C. 49; thirdly, M. Antonius about B.C. 46 [Cic. 2 Phil. § 11]. She was a woman of a masculine spirit and violent temper, nihil muliebre praeter corpus gerens [Vell. Pat. 2, 74; cp. Plut. Ant. 11; App. B. civ. 4, 29, 32; Dio 47, 8]. After her escape from Perusia, she fled to Athens, where her husband met her, but treated her with so much disapprobation and roughness that she fell ill. He

left her at Sicyon, on their way to Italy, and there she died [App. B. civ. 5, 52 -5; Dio 48, 28].

simultate. The political quarrel leading to the war of Perusia is enough to account for this [Dio 48, 5 sq.], but Martial quotes an epigram of Augustus which seems to hint that the spretae iniuria formae entered into the question [11, 21].

dimisit...virginem.

Dio .c. ò yàp Καῖσαρ τὴν χαλεπότητα τῆς πενθερᾶς μὴ φέρων τὴν θυγατέρα αὐτῆς ὡς καὶ παρθένον ἔτι οὖσαν, ὃ καὶ ὅρκῳ ἐπιστώσατο, ἀπεπέμψατο.

Scriboniam [Tac. Ann. 2, 27; Wilm. 170]. This was a purely political marriage. Scribonia was aunt to the wife of Sext. Pompeius (a d. of L. Scribonius Libo), and Augustus was anxious to have means of making peace with him in view of the hostility of Antony [App. 5, 53]. As her son (P. Cornelius Scipio) by her second husband was consul in B.C. 16, he must have been at least in his 17th year at the time of her marriage to Augustus (B.C. 40, Dio 48, 16), and she must have been many years older than her husband. The divorce took place on the day of the birth of Iulia, B.C. 39, and Dio says that its real reason was that he was already in love with Livia [48, 34]. She lived long enough to accompany her daughter into exile in B.C. 2 [Dio 55, 10; Vell. Pat. 2, 100]. in matrimonium, the first had been only sponsa, the second uxor only in name. For pertaesus with acc. see Iul. 7; Tib. 67. The simple taesus is not so used, nor pertaesus in Augustan Latin. Livy 3, 67, Xvirorum vos pertaesum est.

duobus consularibus...matrem. The name of the first husband is not known nor the consulship of the second.

63

ac statim Liviam Drusillam matrimonio Tiberi Neronis et quidem praegnantem abduxit, dilexitque et probavit unice ac perseveranter.

Ex Scribonia Iuliam, ex Livia nihil liberorum tulit, cum maxime cuperet. Infans, qui conceptus erat, im- 5 daughter maturus est editus. Iuliam primum Marcello, Octaviae sororis suae filio tantum quod pueritiam egresso, deinde, ut is obiit, M. Agrippae nuptum dedit, exorata sorore, ut sibi genero cederet; nam tunc Agrippa alteram Marcellarum habebat et ex ea liberos. Hoc quoque 10 defuncto, multis ac diu, etiam ex equestri ordine, circum

5

spectis condicionibus, Tiberium privignum suum elegit coegitque praegnantem uxorem, et ex qua iam pater erat, dimittere. M. Antonius scribit, primum eum Antonio filio suo despondisse Iuliam, dein Cotisoni Getarum regi, quo tempore s sibi quoque invicem filiam regis in matrimonium petisset. Nepotes ex Agrippa et Iulia tres habuit C. et L. et 64 Agrippam, neptes duas Iuliam et Agrippinam. Iuliam L. Paulo censoris filio, Agrippinam Ger- grandsons, manico sororis suae nepoti collocavit. Gaium et L. two granddaughters. adoptavit, domi per assem et libram emptos a patre Agrippa, tenerosque adhuc ad curam rei publicae admovit et

10

consules designatos circum provincias exercitusque dimisit. Filiam et neptes ita instituit, ut etiam lanificio assuefaceret, vetaretque loqui aut agere quicquam nisi propalam et quod in diurnos commentarios referretur; extraneorum quidem coetu adeo prohibuit, ut L. Vinicio, claro decoroque iuveni, s scripserit quondam, parum modeste fecisse eum, quod filiam suam Baias salutatum venisset. Nepotes et litteras et notare aliaque rudimenta per se plerumque docuit ac nihil aeque elaboravit quam ut imitarentur chirographum suum; neque caenavit una, nisi ut in imo lecto assiderent, neque iter fecit, 10 65 nisi ut vehiculo anteirent aut circa adequitarent. Sed laetum eum atque fidentem et subole et disciplina domus Fortuna destituit. Iulias, filiam et neptem, omnibus probris contaminatas relegavit; C. et L. in duo

His family losses.

of the young Caesars was princeps of the next ordo, the equestrian.

circum provincias exercitusque. Gaius went with Tiberius against the Sigambri in B.C. 8, and was in Asia from B.C. I to his death A.D. 4. Lucius died at Marseilles on his way to Spain.

in diurnos commentarios, 'nothing that might not be entered in the household register.' Thus we find a servus a commentariis, C. I. L. 6, 8623.

L. Vinicio, see c. 71. The name Vinicius occurs on coins [Eckhel 5, p. 343] and a L. Vinicius appears as Consul suffectus for B.C. 33, and Trib. Pl. in B.C. 51, Cic. fam. 8, 8, 6. We have also the form Vinicianus attesting Vinicius [Cic. fam. 8, 4 § 3; Wilmanns 205], whereas Vicinius (the MS. reading) seems an unknown name unless in Orelli 3309.

notare, 'to write in shorthand' or 'in cypher,' cp. c. 88 quotiens per notas scribit. Iulius c. 56 si qua occultius perferenda erant per notas scripsit. The use of shorthand was introduced by Ennius and later by Cicero's freedman Tiro, see Commentarii Not. Tiron. Schmitz p. 10; or by Maecenas [Dio 52, 7] πρώτος σημείά τινα γραμμάτων πρὸς τάχος ἐξευρε καὶ αὐτὰ δι ̓ Ακύλου ἀπελευθέρου συχνοὺς ἐξεδίδαξεν. Εs. pecially used for taking down from a lecture or dictation, Quint. I prooem. § 7 alterum (sermonem) pluribus sane diebus, quantum notando consequi potuerant, interceptum; cp. id. 1, 1, 28; 10, 3, 19. Martial [10, 62] mentions among the prizewinners in a school the notarius velox, cp. id. 5, 51; 14, 208; Plin. Ep.

9, 36. [Some read with the MSS. natare, cp. Iul. 57; Plut. Cato ma. 20.]

6

per se, instead of by a tutor, usually a slave or freedman, Plut. Cat. 1. c. chirographum suum, see on c. 88. neque...assiderent, whenever they dined with him they sat at table on the imus lectus.' Children sat instead of reclining at table, and sometimes at a separate table; Tac. Ann. 13, 16 mos habebatur principum liberos cum ceteris idem aetatis sedentes vesci in aspectu propinquorum propria et parciore mensa. Suet. Claud. 32 adhibebat omni cenae et liberos suos cum pueris puellisque nobilibus, qui more veteri ad fulcra lectorum sedentes vescerentur. But in the case of these young princes they sit on the imus, i.e. the couch on the right looking down, the Emperor reclining summus in imo, at the right hand corner, the regular place for the host. nisi ut, P. 59..

circa adequitarent, 'riding close by on either side of him.' Cal. 25 iuxta adequitantem...ostenderit.

65. Iulias...relegavit. The elder Iulia b. B.C. 40 was married at 15 to her cousin Marcellus [Dio 53, 27]. On his death (late in B.C. 23) after a year of widowhood she was transferred to Agrippa (B.C. 21) who was of the same age as her father, and who divorced her cousin Marcella to take her. Agrippa died in B.C. 12, leaving her with two sons and two daughters, and on the point of producing another son. In the course of the next year she was forced upon the unwilling Tiberius, whom she regarded as below her in rank, and who

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