deviginti mensum spatio amisit ambos, Gaio in Lycia, Lucio Massiliae defunctis. Tertium nepotem Agrippam Adoption simulque privignum Tiberium adoptavit in foro lege of Tiberius, had to divorce a wife to whom he was passionately attached to take her. Yet Suetonius [Tib. 7] asserts that at first they lived happily together until after the death of the only child of the union at Aquileia. In B.C. 6 Tiberius retired to Rhodes partly at any rate to avoid her, and from Rhodes sent a message of divorce [Dio 54, 6, 35; 55, 9-10]. She was beautiful, but early in life became somewhat grey [Macrob. Sat. 2, 4, 7]. Her wit and the freedom of her manners drew round her the young and dissolute nobles, and when at length (B.C. 2) Augustus was assured of her misconduct, numerous men suffered for real or supposed offences with her [Macr. 7. c. §6; Vell. Pat. 1, 100; Sen. de Benef. 6, 32]. Pliny asserts that she had entered into a plot against her father's life [N. H. 7 § 149]. See c. 19 and Dio 54, 9 (of Iulius Antonius) ws Kal ἐπὶ τῇ μοναρχίᾳ τοῦτο πράξας. After five years at Pandataria, a small island on the Campanian coast (mod. Vandotena), she was allowed to reside at Rhegium; but on the accession of Tiberius the allowance made to her by her father was cut off on the ground of no provision having been made for it in his will. She however survived Augustus only a few weeks [Tac. Ann. 1, 35; Suet. Tib. 50]. Of the younger Iulia, daughter of Agrippa and Iulia, we know little except that she followed the example of her mother. She was married to Aemilius Paulus Lepidus and had a son [Suet. Cal. 24] and a daughter Lepida, once betrothed to the future Emperor Claudius, but never married to him [Suet. Claud. 26]. Her lover D. Silanus was not formally banished, but was obliged to leave Rome (A.D. 9) and not allowed to return till A.D. 20, and even then forbidden all state employment; while Iulia spent the rest of her life in exile in the island of Tremerus (S. Domenico) off the coast of Apulia, supported till her death in A.D. 29 by an allowance from Livia [Tac. Ann. 3, 24; 4, 71]. It has been assumed, with little reason, that Ovid's Corinna is a poetical pseudonym for Iulia; and the supposed connexion of his banishment with her disgrace rests also on uncertain inferences. A.D. 4. duodeviginti ... mensum. Lucius died at Marseilles 20 August A. D. 2, Gaius on 21 February A.D. 4 at Limyra in Lycia [see the Cenotaphia Pisana, Wilm. 883]. Agrippam. Agrippa Postumus, son of Iulia and Agrippa, born after his father's death in B.C. 12. See c. 19. Tacitus [Ann. 1, 3] regards him as a victim to Livia's jealousy on behalf of Tiberius, who procured his exile though he was innocent of all crime (A.D. 7). Augustus seems always to have felt a certain compunction and to have been inclined to recall him [Tac. Ann. 1, 5]. Pliny enumerates among the infelicities of Augustus abdicatio Postumi Agrippae post adoptionem, desiderium post relegationem [N. H. 7 § 148]. The panegyrist of Tiberius, Velleius, of course decries him mira pravitate animi atque ingenii...mox crescentibus in dies vitiis dignum furore suo habuit exitum [2, 112]. Dio [55, 32] however takes somewhat the same view, calling him dovλoπρεπής...καὶ πλεῖστα ἡλιεύετο...τῇ τε ὀργῇ προπετεῖ ἔχρητο, and says that he annoyed Augustus by demanding his father's property. He was banished to Planasia, between Corsica and Elba. His murder immediately after the death of Augustus according to Tacitus was primum facinus novi imperii [Ann. 1, 6], but Tiberius disclaimed any share in it [Suet. Tib. 22]. simul...adoptavit, Vell. Pat. 2, 104 adoptatus eodem die etiam M. Agrippa, quem post mortem Agrippae Iulia enixa erat, cp. Suet. Tib. 15. This took place on the 26th of June A.D. 4 [see Fasti Amert., C. I. L. 1, p. 323], Agrippa not assuming the toga virilis until the next year [Dio 55, 22]. The change in the case of Tiberius is marked in inscriptions, see Wilmanns 882 (between B.C. 2 and A. D. 3) TI CLAVDIVS. TI⚫ F. NERO; but in the list of the Imperial family at Pavia (A.D. 7) we have TI. CAESARI. AVGVSTI. F. DIVI NEPOT • [id. 880; Rushf. 34]. For the addition of Caesar to the name of Agrippa Postumus, see Wilmanns 880 1. lege curiata. As both Agrippa and Tiberius were sui iuris the regular form of adoption necessary was adrogatio. A meeting of the old comitia curiata in curiata; ex quibus Agrippam brevi ob ingenium sordidum ac ferox abdicavit seposuitque Surrentum. Aliquanto autem patientius mortem quam dedecora suorum tulit. Nam C. Lucique casu non adeo fractus, de filia absens ac libello per quaestorem recitato notum senatui fecit 5 abstinuitque congressu hominum diu prae pudore, etiam de necanda deliberavit. Certe cum sub idem tempus una ex consciis liberta Phoebe suspendio vitam finisset, maluisse se ait Phoebes patrem fuisse. Relegatae usum vini omnemque delicatiorem cultum ademit 10 neque adiri a quopiam libero servove, nisi se consulto, permisit, et ita ut certior fieret, qua is aetate, qua statura, quo colore esset, etiam quibus corporis notis vel cicatricibus. Banishment of Iulia. the forum (represented by 30 lictores) was held by a pontifex and a formal rogatio proposed, for the wording of which see Gellius 5, 19. It was generally held that a puer could not be adopted by this ceremony, and Dio may be wrong in putting Agrippa's deductio in forum in the next year; still there seems to have been a variety of practice in this respect, Gaius 1, 102 item impuberem apud populum adoptari aliquando prohibitum est, aliquando permissum est. not abdicavit (άπeкпρúğαто), 'disinherited,' a formal undoing of the adoption. See Pliny N. H. 7 § 148; Suet. Tib. 15 Agrippa abdicato et seposito. The word is not used in earlier Latin, perhaps because the thing was known: exheredare [Cic. 2 Phil. § 41] was to disinherit' by will as was necessary in the case of a suus heres, but did not mean any legal process in the testator's lifetime; whereas in the case of the abdicatus it was a question whether he might not be restored by his father's will [Quint. 3, 6, 98]. 6 Surrentum. This is previous to the deportatio to Planasia: but the abdicatio seems to have been at the time of the first measure, as his name is not on the Pavian list. seposuit, a less formal word than relegavit, cp. Oth. 3 sepositus per causam legationis in Lusitaniam. notum senatui fecit. Sen. de Benef. 6, 32 Divus Augustus...flagitia principalis domus in publicum emisit...haec tam vindicanda quam tacenda, quia quarumdam rerum turpitudo etiam ad vindicantem redit, parum potens irae publicaverat. per quaestorem. The quaestor seems to have regularly been the Emperor's mouthpiece in the Senate. See Dio 54, 25 τὸ βιβλίον τῷ ταμιᾷ ἀναγνῶναι δούς. Cp. 60, 2. Suet. Ner. 15 orationes ad senatum missas, praeterito quaestorum officio per consulem plerumque recitabat. Cp. id. Tit. 6; Tac. Ann. 16, 27; Spart. Hadr. 3. As a quaestor was attached to the consul, so one or more were quaestores Caesaris. Wilmanns 1122 L. AQVILLIO...QVAESTOR. IMP. CAESARIS AVG. Cp. Plin. Ep. 7, 16 simul quaestores Caesaris fuimus. Mommsen Staatsr. IV. P. 227 note, p. 272 sq. Phoebe, Dio 55, 10 ἡ δὲ Φοίβη ἐξελευθέρα τε τῆς Ἰουλίας καὶ συνεργὸς οὖσα προαπέθανεν ἑκουσία. usum vini. The notion of wine leading to unchastity in women is referred to in Euripides Bacch. 260 γυναιξὶ γὰρ | ὅπου βότρυος ἐν δαιτὶ γίγνεται γάνος | οὐχ ὑγιὲς οὐδὲν ἔτι λέγω τῶν ὀργίων. There was also a tradition that it was an ancient custom in Latium for women to drink none but light raisin wine, passum: see Athenae. 10, 440 E; Polyb. 6, 2; Aul. Gell. 1ó, 23 Marcus Cato non solum existimatas sed et multatas quoque a iudice refert non minus, si vinum in se, quam si probrum et adulterium admisisset. As one of the charges against Iulia was that of nocturnae comissationes, Augustus perhaps regarded this as a proper occasion for going back, as he was fond of doing, to ancient cus toms. et ita ut...fieret, and not without being informed,' see p. 59. Post quinquennium demum ex insula in continentem lenioribusque paulo condicionibus transtulit eam. Nam ut omnino revocaret, exorari nullo modo potuit, deprecanti saepe Populo Romano et pertinacius instanti tales filias 5 talesque coniuges pro contione inprecatus. Ex nepte Iulia post damnationem editum infantem adgnosci alique vetuit. Agrippam nihilo tractabiliorem, immo in dies amentiorem, in insulam transportavit sepsitque insuper custodia militum. Cavit etiam Senatus consulto ut eodem loci in perpetuum To contineretur, atque ad omnem et eius et Iuliarum mentionem ingemiscens, proclamare etiam solebat: Αἴθ ̓ ὄφελον ἄγαμός τ' ἔμεναι ἄγονός τ ̓ ἀπολέσθαι! nec aliter eos appellare, quam tris vomicas ac tria carcino 15 His Amicitias neque facile admisit et constantissime retinuit, 66 non tantum virtutes ac merita cuiusque digne prosecutus, sed vitia quoque et delicta, dum taxat friends. modica, perpessus. Neque enim temere ex omni numero in amicitia eius afflicti reperientur praeter 20 Salvidienum Rufum, quem ad consulatum usque, et in continentem, to Rhegium, see note above. deprecanti saepe, Dio 55, 13 (A.D. 3) τοῦ δὲ δήμου σφόδρα ἐγκειμένου τῷ Αὐ γούστῳ ἵνα καταγάγῃ τὴν θυγατέρα αὑτοῦ, θᾶσσον ἔφη πῦρ ὕδατι μιχθήσεσθαι ἢ ἐκείνην καταχθήσεσθαι. in insulam, Planasia. custodia militum, it was a centurio of this guard that killed him [Tac. Ann. 1, 6]. Αἴθ ̓ ὄφελον, Π. 3, 40. vomicas...carcinomata, 'boils and cancers.' Cic. de N. D. 3 § 70 gladio Rufus, vomicam eius aperuit quam sanare medici non potuerunt. Plin. N. H. 20 § 81 carcinomata quae nullis aliis medicamentis sanari possint. 66. temere. See c. 16, p. 44. 4/ Salvidienum Rufum. Salvidienus was one of the early and most devoted friends of Augustus [Cic. ep. ad Br. I, 17, 3]. He had been with him at Apollonia during the winter preceding his uncle's murder [see p. 46; Velleius Pat. 2, 59]; had commanded at Rhegium against Sextus Pompeius in B.C. Gallus, Cornelium Gallum, quem ad praefecturam Aegypti, ex infima utrumque fortuna provexerat. Quorum alterum res novas molientem damnandum senatui tradidit, alteri ob ingratum et malivolum animum domo et provinciis suis interdixit. Sed Gallo quoque et accusatorum denun- 5 tiationibus et senatus consultis ad necem conpulso, laudavit quidem pietatem tantopere pro se indignantium, ceterum et inlacrimavit et vicem suam conquestus est, quod sibi soli 42 and 41 [App. B. civ. 4, 85; 5, 27; Dio 48, 18]. At the end of 42 B.C. or beginning of 41 he was sent to secure Gaul and Spain, but was recalled on the outbreak of the war of Perusia, and had assisted at the sieges of Sentinum and Perusia [Dio 48, 13; App. 5, 33, 35]. After the fall of Perusia (spring of B.C. 40) he accompanied Augustus to take over Gaul and Spain and the army lately commanded by L. Antonius [App. 5, 51] and, on Augustus' return to Rome, was left there in command, besides being designated consul (Dio άπodexoval. He was never consul). Dio and Velleius are both very vague as to the nature of his treason; but when Antony came to Italy in the autumn of B. C. 40 and made terms with Augustus at Brundisium, he seems to have betrayed the fact that Salvidienus had written to him proposing to cause the Gauls to revolt from Augustus and return to him. Augustus at once sent for Salvidienus on some other pretext, brought him before the Senate and got him condemned for maiestas, that obsequious body even passing the SCtum Ultimum, videant IIIviri ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat, thus enabling him to treat Salvidienus as a hostis [App. 5, 66; Dio 48, 33; Vell. Pat. 2, 64]. Cornelium Gallum. See Suet. fr. [ap. Hier. Chron. 11.727-8] Cornelius Gallus Foroiuliensis poeta, a quo primum Aegyptum rectam supra diximus, quadragesimo tertio aetatis suae anno propria se manu interfecit (B.C. 26). He was therefore born in B.C. 68 or 69. He is the Gallus of Vergil Ecl. 10 (though Servius there says that his name was C. Asinius Gallus and that he was son of Pollio), and his rank as an elegiac poet is recorded by Ovid [Tr. 4, 10, 53]. But hardly a line remains that is certainly his. When he came from Fréjus to Rome we do not know, but he seems to have early sided with Octavian against Antony, for which personal reasons may perhaps help to account, if the scandal be true that makes him and Antony rivals for the favours of Cytheris Volumnia [Cic. 2 Phil. §§ 58, 69, 77; Servius ad Verg. 1. c.]. He was at Actium and followed the defeated fleet to Egypt. There he took Paraetonium and next spring (B.C. 30) thwarted Antony's attempt upon it [Dio 31, 9], and was employed with Proculeius to endeavour to take Cleopatra [Plut. Ant. 79]. On the subsequent settlement of Egypt he was made its first praefectus [Dio 51, 17]. In that office he had successfully put down an insurrection at Heroopolis (between the Delta and the Red Sea) and in the Thebaid [Strabo 17, 1]. His offences there seem to have been mainly due to ostentation and incautious talk, the Emperor, as has been remarked [p. 42], being extremely jealous in regard to Egypt. Ov. Tr. 2, 445 Non fuit opprobrio celebrasse Lycorida Sed linguam nimio non tenuisse mero. Id. Am. 2, 9, 63 temerati crimen amici. Dio 53, 23 πολλὰ μὲν γὰρ καὶ μάταια ἐς τὸν Αὔγουστον ἀπελήρει, πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἐπαίτια παρέπραττεν· καὶ γὰρ καὶ εἰκόνας ἑαυτοῦ ἐν ὅλῃ ὡς εἰπεῖν τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ ἔστησε καὶ τὰ ἔργα ὅσα ἐπεποιήκει ἐς τὰς Πυραμίδας ἐσέγραψεν. provinciis suis, the Imperial provinces. Dio Z. c. ὥστε καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν αὐτοῦ κωλυθῆναι διαιτᾶσθαι. accusatorum. The first accusation of Valerius Largus was followed by others, and the Senate passed decrees declaring him to have been convicted legally, and transferring his property to Augustus. Largus was looked askance on as a delator, and Proculeius on seeing him affected to close his nose and lips as though it were not safe to breathe in his presence [Dio l. c.]. Agrippa, non liceret amicis, quatenus vellet, irasci. Reliqui potentia atque opibus ad finem vitae sui quisque ordinis principes floruerunt, quanquam et offensis intervenientibus. Desideravit enim nonnumquam, ne de pluribus referam, 5 et M. Agrippae patientiam et Maecenatis tacitur- Maecenas. nitatem, cum ille ex levi frigoris suspitione et quod Marcellus sibi anteferretur, Mytilenas se relictis omnibus contulisset, hic secretum de comperta Murenae coniuratione uxori Terentiae prodidisset. 10 Exegit et ipse in vicem ab amicis benivolentiam mutuam, tam a defunctis quam a vivis. Nam quamvis His minime appeteret hereditates, ut qui numquam ex custom ignoti testamento capere quicquam sustinuerit, ami- as to legacies. corum tamen suprema iudicia morosissime pensi desideravit missed' what he was used to find in them. When he had rashly made public the crimes of his daughter and repented of his haste, he said horum mihi nihil accidisset si aut Agrippa aut Maecenas vixisset [Sen. de benef. 6, 32]. frigoris 'coldness' on the part of Augustus. Seneca Ep. 122 § 11 Montanus Iulius...amicitia Tiberii notus et frigore. Vell. Pat. 2, 83 Plancus...refrigeratus ab Antonio. [The MSS. have rigoris.] Mytilenas... contulisset. Agrippa was sent to be governor of Syria in B.C. 23 after the recovery of Augustus from his illness, during which he had given his signet ring to him, thus causing jealousy to Marcellus. The death of Marcellus followed at the end of the year, and Agrippa returned in B. C. 21. Dio 53, 32 οὐ μέντοι καὶ ἐς Συρίαν ἀφίκετο ἀλλ' ἔτι καὶ μᾶλλον μετριάζων ἐκεῖσε μὲν τοὺς ὑποστρατήγους ἔπεμψεν, αὐτὸς δὲ ἐν Λέσβῳ διέτριψεν. Agrippa was sent on another mission to Ionia and Syria in B.C. 17, when he was accompanied by Iulia, and did not return till B.C. 13 [Dio 54, 19; Ioseph. Ant. 2, 2; Nic. Dam. de sua vita § 3]. relictis omnibus. Cic. Fam. 2, 14; 12, 14, 1; Ter. Eun. 166; Haut. 840. uxori Terentiae. Dio 54, 19 κai τινες καὶ διὰ Τερεντίαν τὴν τοῦ Μαικήνου γυναῖκα ἀποδημῆσαι αὐτὸν ὑπετόπησαν... τόν τε γὰρ ̓Αγρίππαν ἐς τὴν Συρίαν αὖθις ἐστάλκει καὶ τῷ Μαικήνᾳ διὰ τὴν γυναῖκα οὐκέθ ̓ ὁμοίως ἔχαιρεν. For Murena see p. 44. Perhaps the scandal as to Terentia was malevolent gossip. The absence of Agrippa naturally followed the adoption of Gaius and Lucius B.C. 17, as it had the open favour of Marcellus in B. C. 23. The loss of favour of Maecenas may have had connexion with the change of policy in the direction of absolutism in B.C. 23. Tac. Ann. 3, 30. a defunctis. For the length to which this was carried, see Nero 32 deinde ut ingratorum in principem (i.e. who did not name him in their wills) testamenta ad fiscum pertinerent, cp. Tac. Ann. 3, 76 testamentum eius multo apud vulgum rumore fuit; quia in magnis opibus, cum ferme cunctos proceres cum honore nominavisset, Caesarem omisit. The motive of leaving the Emperor heir was often no doubt the hope of obtaining better treatment for a man's family, Tac. Ann. 16, 11 nec defuere qui monerent magna ex parte heredem Caesarem nuncupare atque ita nepotibus de reliquo consulere. id. Agr. 43 tam caeca et corrupta mens adsiduis adulationibus erat, ut nesciret a bono patre non scribi heredem nisi malum principem. ut qui. Roby L. G. 1714. ignoti, see Cic. 2 Phil. §§ 40—1 me nemo nisi amicus fecit heredem...te is quem vidisti nunquam. iudicia, expression of approval.' Pompey was much hurt by not being named in Sulla's will [Plut. Pomp. 15]. Cicero expresses disgust at being omitted by one Calva, ad Att. 15, 3. morosissime. morosus (connected with mos mores) from the meaning of captious [morosi senes Cic. de Sen. 65] came to mean ‘over-careful,' 'particular.' Iul. |