The barbers of London and the surgeons of London were formerly distinct companies, and were first united when Holbein's picture was painted, in the 32d of Henry VIII. This union of corporate interests was dissolved in 1745, but barbers continued for many years to let blood; though it would be difficult now, even in a remote country town, to find the two misteries united in any other shape than a barber's pole. Among the plate belonging to the BarberSurgeons, in addition to the cup mentioned by Pepys, is a silver-gilt cup and cover "of ye value of £150," presented to the Company in 1676 by Charles II., on the humble petition of John Knight, Esq., Serjeant-Chirurgeon, and James Pearse, Esq., Chirurgeon in ordinary to His Majesty's household, and Master in 1676 to the Company of Barber-Surgeons. The shape is curious. The trunk of the royal oak forms the handle, and the body of the tree, from which hang gilt acorns, the cup itself. The cover is the royal crown. The large silver bowl on the sideboard was the gift of Queen Anne.

Barbican, that portion of the main line of street leading from Smithfield to Finsbury Square, which lies between Aldersgate Street and Red Cross Street and Golden Lane. The name was derived from a watch-tower or barbican of the ancient City wall which stood there, forming an outwork, such as may still be seen at York.

Barbican, a good broad street, well inhabited by tradesmen, especially salesmen, for apparel both new and old; and fronting Red Cross Street is the Watchhouse, where formerly stood a watchtower, called burgh-kenning, i.e. Barbican.—R. B., in Strype, B. iii. p. 93.

Here Dryden has laid the scene of his Mac Flecknoe :—

A watch-tower once; but now, so fate ordains,

Of all the pile an empty name remains ;
From its old ruins brothel-houses rise,
Scenes of lewd loves and of polluted joys.

The place is referred to by Massinger (Works, vol. iv. p. 34) and by Carew (Verses to A. T., see Dyce's Beaumont and Fletcher, vol. i. p. 17). Nor is it overlooked by the Messrs. Smith, in their excellent imitation of Sir Walter Scott:

The mansion of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, passed to the Bertie family by the marriage of his widow, Catherine, with Richard Bertie, the ancestor of the Dukes of Ancaster. The Duchess, in her own right Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, was noted for her zeal for the reformed doctrines, and in the reign of Edward VI. had incurred the enmity of Bishop Gardiner, who, shortly after the accession of Mary, sent for Bertie, and questioning him about his religion, inquired "whether the Lady, his wife, was now as ready to set up mass as she

had been to pull it down, when in her progress she caused a dog in a rochet to be carried and called by his (Gardiner's) name." Bertie obtained the Queen's license to travel, and withdrew to the Continent. The Duchess remained behind, but finding she was closely watched and in danger, she determined, though on the eve of her confinement, to make an effort to join him. Accordingly, "very early in the morning of the first day of January next ensuing (1545) . . . she departed her house called the Barbican, betwixt 4 and 5 of the clocke, with her company and baggage." But as she was leaving, one Atkinson, a herald, keeper of the house, came out with a torch. "Being amazed" she left. her baggage, "the necessaries for her younger daughter, and a milk-pot with milk" at the gate-house, and went onwards; but perceiving she was followed by the herald, she bade her servants to hasten onwards to Lyon Key, where she proposed to embark, and taking with her only two servants and her child, her steps still dogged by the herald, "she stept in at Garter House hard by." She afterwards escaped disguised to Leigh, in Essex, there took ship, and happily joined her husband in Flanders. The child born shortly afterwards was named Peregrine, in reference to the place and circumstances of his birth, and the name was long continued in the family. Barbican House was afterwards, and as long as it existed, known as Willoughby House.

1

Garter House stood on the north side of Barbican, "next adjoining" to Barbican or Willoughby House.

[It was] sometime builded by Sir Thomas Writhe, or Wriothesley, Kt., alias Garter, principal king of arms; second son of Sir John Writhe, Kt., alias Garter; and was uncle to the first Thomas, Earl of Southampton, Knight of the Garter, and Chancellor of England. He built this house, and in the top thereof a chapel, which he dedicated by the name of S. Trinitatis in Alto.-Strype, B. iii. p. 89.

The site of Garter House was marked by Garter Court, a little west of Golden Lane, a wretched place which the Corporation swept. away under the powers of the Artizans' Dwellings Improvement Act of 1875. Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, Henry VIII.'s Lord Chancellor, was born here. In the 16th and early part of the 17th century the house of the Spanish Ambassador was in the Barbican. Here resided the celebrated Count Gondomar. Archbishop Abbot wrote to James I. just after the death of Robert Cecil, when James was his own Secretary of State ::

August 3, 1612.-Zuniga has removed to the house of the Lieger Ambassador, Alonso de Velasquez, in the Barbican, that he may more freely transact his secret business. Velasquez has been more free with his masses, having a bell rung, and holding several in the day.-Cal. State Pap., James I., 1611-1618, p. 140.

August 10, 1612.-Particulars of the seizure and examination of Blackman, the Jesuit, who came at night out of the Spanish Ambassador's house in the Barbican, and who was confessor of the English College at Rome and Valladolid. . . . The private intercourse between Zuniga and the French Lieger was because public intercourse was forbidden.-Ibid., p. 142.

In July 1618, Sir George Bowles, the Lord Mayor, describes to

1 Foxe, Acts and Monuments, ed. 1597, p. 1885; Holinshed, p. 1142.

the Council the circumstances of a tumult at "the Spanish Ambassador's House in the Barbican," in consequence of one of his gentlemen having ridden over a child. The mob broke the windows and smashed in the door, and would have done further damage had not the Lord Chief-Justice and Lord Mayor arrived. The King ordered the Lord Mayor to ask Gondomar's pardon. Several lads were punished with six months' imprisonment and a fine of £500 each. Sauchez, Secretary to the Embassy, begged off the offenders; and James issued a proclamation warning the apprentices not to take the law into their own hands. See Index to Remembrancia, 1878, pp. 452, 453. About 1622 the office of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports was removed here from Philips's Lane. North of the Barbican was Bridgwater House, the magnificent seat of the Earl of Bridgwater.1 The house was destroyed by fire in April 1687, when unhappily the Earl's two eldest sons, Charles, Viscount Brackley (b. 1675), and Thomas Egerton (b. 1679) were, with their tutor, burned in their beds. The site of the house and gardens is marked by Bridgwater Square and Bridgwater Gardens. Eminent Inhabitants.-Sir Henry Spelman, the antiquary, who died at the house of his son-in-law, Sir Ralph Whitfield, in 1641. He was buried in Westminster Abbey on October 24, 1641. John Milton.

It was at length concluded that she (Milton's wife) should remain at a friend's house till such time as he was settled in his new house at Barbican, and all things for his reception in order-Philips's Life of Milton, 12m0, 1694, p. 27.

Milton's father-in-law (Richard Powell) died here January 16461647-Papers relating to Milton, Camden Society, p. 50. The house, No. 17, on the north side of the street, was that which tradition assigned to him. "John Milton, scrivener," the father of the poet, died at his house in the Barbican, 1647, and was buried in Cripplegate Church.

Taylor the Water Poet says of Barbican :

There's as good beer and ale as ever twanged,
And in that street kind No-body is hanged.

TAYLOR, Penniless Pilgrimage.

No-body" was the sign of John Trundle, one of the best known of the Elizabethan booksellers and printers. He dealt chiefly in ballads. Ben Jonson makes Edward Knowell say he will "troll ballads for Master John Trundle yonder." 2 But he also published Green's Westward for Smelts, one at least of Jonson's plays, and other popular pieces. Trundle accompanied Taylor on his "Penniless Pilgrimage" as far as the Saracen's Head, Wheatstone, and on the way "freely spent his chink " on his penniless comrade"The Barbican-Cheat detected, or Injustice Arraigned; being a brief and sober disquisition of the procedure of the Ana-Baptists' late-erected judication in Barbican, London, the 28th of the month

1 July 4, 1673.-Licence to the Duke of Bridg water to build, or rebuild, his house in Barbican. -Williamson Corr., vol. i. p. 89.

2 Every Man in his Humour, Act. i. Sc. 2.

called August, 1674.... By Thomas Rudyard." Printed in the year 1674.

Barbican Chapel, on the south side, at the corner of Jacob's Well Passage, was for a long series of years a Dissenting meeting-house of high standing. Pope's "modest Foster" was ordained pastor in 1724, and continued there twenty years, as appears by his epitaph in Bunhill Fields.1 The building was transformed into a warehouse about 1866.

Barclay and Perkins's Brewery, PARK STREET, SOUTHWARK, was founded by Messrs. Child and Halsey. Mr. E. Halsey, on retiring from business, sold it to Mr. Thrale, the father of Henry Thrale, the friend of Dr. Johnson. On Henry Thrale's death it was resold by Johnson and his brother executor in behalf of Mrs. Thrale, for £135,000.

On Mr. Thrale's death I kept the counting-house from 9 o'clock every morning till 5 o'clock every evening, till June, when God Almighty sent us a knot of rich quakers, who bought the whole, and saved me and my daughters from brewing ourselves into another bankruptcy.—Mrs. Piozzi, vol. i. p. 47.

Johnson had a clearer perception than the lady of the value of the property ::

Lord Lucan tells a very good story, which, if not precisely exact, is certainly characteristical; that when the sale of Thrale's brewery was going forward, Johnson appeared bustling about, with an inkhorn and pen in his button-hole, like an exciseman, and on being asked what he considered to be really the value of the property which was to be disposed of, answered, "We are not here to sell a parcel of boilers and vats, but the potentiality of growing rich beyond the dreams of avarice." -Croker's Boswell, p. 682.

The purchaser was David Barclay, the head of the great banking firm in Lombard Street, who put in his nephew, Mr. Robert Barclay, and Mr. Perkins, who had for many years been Mr. Thrale's manager. While on his tour to the Hebrides, in 1773, Johnson mentioned that Thrale "paid £20,000 a year to the revenue, and that he had four vats, each of which held 1600 barrels, above a thousand hogsheads." The brewery of Thrale's period was destroyed by fire, May 22, 1822. The present buildings extend over 13 acres, and the machinery includes two steam-engines. The store-cellars contain 150 vats, varying in their contents from 3500 barrels, considerably more than twice the capacity of the great tun of Heidelberg, down to 500. About 180 horses are employed in conveying beer to different parts of London. The quantity brewed averages 130,000 quarters, and the amount paid to the revenue annually by the firm exceeds £180,000.2

Barge Yard, BUCKLERSBURY, and on the south side of QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, the formation of which has somewhat curtailed its area. Barge Yard was so named after a house known by the sign of the Old Barge; "and it hath been," says Stow, who tells us this, "a

1 Gentleman's Magazine, June 1754, p. 289. 2 General Haynau's misadventure at Barclay's brewery, September 4, 1850, which has become

of historical interest, is related in Sir T. Martin's Life of the Prince Consort, vol. ii. p. 324.

common speech that, when Walbrooke did lie open, barges were rowed out of the Thames, or towed up so far, and therefore the place hath ever since been called the Old Barge."

Barking Alley, GREAT TOWER STREET, a passage by the side of the church of Allhallows, Barking, and hence now commonly known as Barking Churchyard. The end of this alley, in high-treason days, was a favourite spot for erecting stages for sightseers. At the execution of Lord Lovat, a scaffold of many storeys fell as the prisoner was coming out of the tower, and some twenty persons were killed.

Barn Elms, "a knot of lofty elms "1 on the margin of Rosamond's Pond, St. James's Park. Katherine Philips, the "Matchless Orinda,"

has a copy of verses on carving of her name upon one of them. Otway, in the Soldier's Fortune, 1681, has a reference to Barn Elms by Rosamond's Pond."

Barnabas (St.), CHURCH STREET, PIMLICO, a church erected in 1846-1849 from the designs of Mr. Cundy, on ground presented by the Marquis of Westminster, which had been previously occupied by a squalid building called the Orange Theatre. The church, which acquired notoriety for ritualistic observances, was consecrated on St. Barnabas's Day, 1850. Attached to it are a college, or a house for several clergymen, and ample schoolrooms.

Barnard's Inn, on the south side of HOLBORN, opposite Furnival's Inn, an Inn of Chancery appertaining to Gray's Inn. It forms a narrow passage and small quadrangle of about a dozen houses, having the entrance between Nos. 22 and 23 Holborn. The Hall is a little red brick structure, the smallest of all the Inns of Court halls, being only 36 feet by 22, but has an oak roof and heraldic glass in the windows. The portraits-Lord Bacon, Lord Burghley, Chief-Justice Holt, and one or two more-which adorned the walls, have been presented to the National Portrait Gallery.

Barnard's Inne, called also formerly Mackworth's Inne, was in the time of King Henry the Sixth a messuage belonging to Dr. John Mackworth, Dean of Lincoln, and being in the occupation of one Barnard, at the time of the conversion thereof into an Inne of Chauncery, it beareth Barnard's name still to this day. The arms of this house are those of Mackworth, viz. party per pale, indented ermine and sables, a cheveron, gules, fretted or.-Sir George Buc, ed. Howes, 1631, p. 1075; and see Inquis. Post Mortem, vol. iv. p. 261.

"2

In October 1737 Hayley took an airy set of chambers in Barnard's Inn, "a cheap, pleasant, and useful residence in town for literary purposes.' At No. 2 lived Peter Woulfe, the alchemist, and gave breakfast parties at four o'clock in the morning. Barnard's Inn has long ceased to have more than a nominal connection with Gray's Inn, the houses being let out as chambers, and not occupied by students of the law. Recently (1888) the whole has been advertised for sale. William Coke, Justice Common Pleas (d. 1563), Richard Harper, Justice Common

1 Ned Ward's London Sty, ed. 1753, p. 164.

2 Life, vol. i. p. 355.