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the safe keeping and repair of the Gate aforesaid." 1 In 1318 the gateway, together "with a certain tourelle on the eastern side, and garden lying between the gate and this bastion," were granted to John le Long the Easterling, for his life, on the condition that he should "maintain the said gate and tourelle at his own proper charges." In 1324 he was permitted to resign the grant and the charge. The gate was rebuilt by the Hanse Merchants in 1471, and lasted till 1731, when, being greatly out of repair, it was taken down, and a much less ornamental gate erected in its place at the cost of the City. In 1760 an Act was passed, empowering the City authorities to remove the gates and effect other improvements, and under its provisions Bishopsgate was finally removed a few years later. The site is marked by two tablets on the houses at the corners of Camomile and Wormwood Streets respectively (Nos. 1 and 64 Bishopsgate Street Without), inscribed with mitre and these words "Adjoining to this spot Bishopsgate formerly stood." The gate was repaired in 1648.-Notes on London Churches and Buildings, A.D. 1631-1658 (Harrison's England, vol. ii., New Shakspere Society).

✓ Bishopsgate Street Within, between Cornhill and Camomile Street, and so called from being within the walls, as Bishopsgate Street Without was so called from being without the walls.

The southern half of this street, including the church of St. Martin Outwich, was destroyed by fire November 7, 1765. The flames commenced at a peruke maker's, and nothing but the wind shifting suddenly saved Crosby Hall and the church of St. Helen's. The four corners of Cornhill, Bishopsgate Street, Leadenhall Street, and Gracechurch Street, were on fire at the same time. There is a plan of the houses destroyed in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1765.

It may be convenient, in order to indicate the position of the more noteworthy sites and buildings (many of which have separate notices) to take the two sides of the street separately. West side.—Three doors from Cornhill (No. 123), the London Tavern, famous for its turtle, dinners, wines, charity meetings, and auctions. It was taken down in 1876, and the site is now occupied by the large and costly fabric erected for the Royal Bank of Scotland. A few doors further is the house (No. 119) in which, in 1780, George Crabbe lodged with Vickery the hairdresser. The house is still a hairdresser's and peruke maker's, Ross and Sons, perhaps the most noted of the kind in the City. It was from here that Crabbe wrote his celebrated letter to Edmund Burke. Two doors beyond, at the angle formed with Threadneedle Street, stood the Church of St. Martin Outwich, taken down in 1875 for street improvements, and on the site of which stands. the Capital and Counties Bank. At the opposite corner of Threadneedle Street is the former South Sea House. Next to this, Nos. 110-113, is the splendid building, with columns of the Roman-Corinthian order with relievos over the doorway and windows, and statues on

1 Riley, Memorials, p. 57.

the summit, erected in 1866 from the designs of Mr. J. Gibson, architect, for the National Provincial Bank, the handsomest building of its kind in the City. To make way for it was demolished the old Flower Pot, a well-known starting-place for short stages and omnibuses. Passing the Baltic and other Chambers, some of them noteworthy for their size and architecture, we come to (103) the entrance to Gresham House, which extends through to Old Broad Street, and marks the site of the sumptuous residence of Sir Thomas Gresham, who gave the Royal Exchange to his fellow-citizens, entertained Queen Elizabeth, and, dying suddenly at his house here, was buried in St. Helen's Church on the opposite side of the way. Next to the rather handsome building (No. 95), Gothic of the year 1861, known as Crosby House, are Palmerston Buildings, a huge pile which also stretches back to Old Broad Street, and contains nearly 200 separate offices. Here stood the Bull Inn, "a famous place for the performance of the pre-Shakesperian plays.” When Antony Bacon left Gray's Inn in 1594 and came to live in Bishopsgate Street, his mother was in much distress, fearing "the neighbourhood of the Bull Inn.” 1

The Blacke Bull in Bishopsgate Street, who is still looking towards Shoreditch to see if he can spy the carriers coming from Cambridge.—A New Booke of Mistakes, 1637 (quoted in Huth's Prefaces, Dedications, and Epistles, p. 358).

No. 86 was the famous Green Dragon Inn, and at Nos. 83 and 84 is a very smart new building, calling itself the "Old Four Swans," and usurping the place of the picturesque coach-yard inn that bore the sign of the Four Swans. Another large block of offices, Ethelburga House, containing over 100 offices, is so named from standing opposite the church of St. Ethelburga.

The East Side of the street has been entirely renewed at the Cornhill end within the last few years by sweeping away the plain old shops and substituting lofty blocks of offices. The quaint red brick office of Messrs. Baring Brothers, designed by R. Norman Shaw, R.A., and the Wesleyan Centenary Hall are the chief buildings here. Farther on are Crosby Hall, the fine old church of St. Helen's, Great St. Helen's, and St. Helen's Place, the Church of St. Ethelburga,2 and (No. 54) the Marine Society's House, all of which are noticed under their respective headings. Bishopsgate Street fortunately escaped with little injury from the Great Fire, and in the London Gazette of September 8, 1666, the first published after the Fire, is the announcement that "The General Letter Office is now held in Bishopsgate Street, at Sir Samuel Bernardiston's house, the same that Master Sheriff Hanson sometime kept his Sheriffalty in."

Bishopsgate Street Without. [See preceding article.] Commencing with the west side at Wormwood Street, we come directly to the Church of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, and Alderman's Walk; LiverBishopsgate Street Within. The old houses in the engraving are quaint and striking in the

1 Spedding, vol. i. p. 34.

2 The engraving of the church of St. Ethelburga in West and Tom's Churches of London (410, 1736), contains a most interesting view of

extreme.

C

pool Street and White Hart Court, so called from the White Hart Inn,
of which there is an interesting view by J. T. Smith. No. 169, the
house of Sir Paul Pindar (d. 1650), an eminent English merchant,
distinguished for his love of architecture and the magnificent sums he
gave towards the restoration of old St. Paul's Cathedral. The house,
or part of it, is a public-house called "Sir Paul Pindar's Head"; some of
the ceilings were in plaster of the Cinque Cento period, but the best
part of the house was the front towards the street, which still exists. The
building was demolished in 1871, and rebuilt or "restored " in the follow-
ing years.
There is a monument to Sir Paul in the parish church of
St. Botolph, Bishopsgate. The Venetian Embassy at Sir Paul Pindar's
house, 1617-1618.—Quarterly Review, vol. cii. p. 408. Sun Street,
an important thoroughfare, was stopped up by the Great Eastern Railway
Company a few years ago. Lamb Alley, in it Alleyn the actor's (now
called Underwood's) Almshouses (rebuilt 1731; restored 1867). East
side, commencing at Camomile Street.-Houndsditch; Devonshire House
and the Friends' Meeting House, the great central place of assembly of
the Society of Friends; Devonshire Street, and Devonshire Square.

I, Lodowick Muggleton, was born in Bishopsgate Street [Without], near the
Earl of Devonshire's House, at the corner house called Walnut Tree Yard. My
father's name was John Muggleton, he was a smith by trade, that is a farrier or
horse doctor, he was in great respect with the Postmaster in King James's time.
When I was grown to 15 or 16 years of age, I was put apprentice to one
John Quick, a tailor; he made livery gowns, and all sorts of gowns for men; he
made gowns for several Aldermen and Liverymen of their Company in London, and
he lived in this Walnut Tree Yard.-Acts of the Witnesses, chap. iii. § 5, p. 6.
The Catherine Wheel Inn, of old a great coaching house, Artillery
Lane. [See Artillery Ground.]

Bishopsgate Ward, one of the twenty-six wards of London, so named from the old City gate which stood within its liberties. It is divided into two "parts," Bishopsgate Within and Bishopsgate Without, with a Deputy for each; and embraces the whole of Bishopsgate Street Within, Bishopsgate Street Without, and the several streets and lanes on either side. Remarkable Places-some of which, however, no longer exist.-Church of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate Without; St. Helen, Bishopsgate Within; St. Ethelburga, Bishopsgate Within; Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem [see Bethlehem Hospital]; Old Artillery Yard; Priory of St. Mary Spittle [see Spitalfields]; Crosby Place; Gresham College; Sir Paul Pindar's House, in Bishopsgate Street Without.

i Bishop's Walk, LAMBETH, a walk on the Surrey side of the Thames, leading to the palace of the Archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth, now nearly absorbed in the Albert Embankment.

Black Boy Alley, BLACKMAN STREET, SOUTHWARK, commemorates the site of the Black Boy Tavern.

But meddle not with any fray

I charge you keep out of harmes way;

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There are two other Black Boy Alleys near, one in the High Street and the other in Bermondsey Street.

Black Dog Alley, COLLEGE STREET, WESTMINSTER, the third turning on the left from Abingdon Street, occupies the site of the garden of William Benson, last Abbot and first Dean of Westminster.

Black Horse Alley, FLEET STREET, the first passage on the right from Ludgate Circus.

July 13, 1618.-Petition of Thomas Powell, Cutler, and other inhabitants of Black Horse Alley, Fleet Street, to the Council, that Chris. Allanson, who is erecting there certain houses of timber on new foundations, contrary to Proclamation, and to the great prejudice of the petitioners, may be compelled to pull them down, according to previous orders from the Lord Mayor, and the Attorney-General.— Cal. Jac. 1, vol. ii. p. 532. On July 25 Sir George Bowles, the Lord Mayor, reported that he had examined these buildings and found that they were on former sites, and being "larger and more airy would greatly improve the Alley, which is very close and crowded."

Black Mary's Well, or Black Mary's Hole, near Cold Bath Fields, the conduit or well so called in Rocque's Plan of London, 1737, and in the large print of The North Prospect of London, 1728, Dr. Bevis, in the passage cited under BAGNIGGE WELLS, sought to identify it with those wells, suggesting that the title was a corruption of Blessed Mary's Well. But other writers of the time assert that it was situated a little farther south, and on the opposite (or east) side of the Bagnigge Wells Road, "by the footway from Bagnigge to Islington." The name, they say, was given to it from a black woman, Mary Woolaston, who, about 1680, lived in a rude circular stone hut by the well and rented the water, which she supplied to applicants, her best customers being the soldiery encamped in the adjacent fields. But this derivation, though so seemingly particular, is not without its difficulties. In Vertue's Plan of the City and Suburbs of London as fortified by order of Parliament in 1642-1643, we find "a battery and breastwork on ye hill E. of Blackmary's Hole." It is of course possible that, as Vertue's "Plan" was not engraved till 1738, the names may be those then in use, and that Black Mary's Hole may have been so named subsequent to the building of this fort. The well was enclosed about 1697,1 and grew into repute as a chalybeate and a specific for sore eyes. In 1761 "a few straggling houses near the Cold Bath Fields, on the road to Hampstead," bore this name.2 In 1818 a row of small houses was built on the ground; the well was covered over, and its site soon forgotten. But in 1826 the "spacious receptacle of the mineral spring" was accidentally laid open in the front Tomlins's Islington, p. 171. 2 Dodsley, vol. i. p. 324.

garden of No. 3 Spring Place. These front gardens were shortly after swept away to form the roadway of a narrow street, named Spring Street. This was opposite to the north end of the wall of Cold Bath Fields Prison in Farringdon Road, lately cleared away. All trace of the well, and even the local memory of it, is gone. The whole of this neighbourhood at one time abounded in holy wells and reputed medicinal springs [see Bagnigge Wells, Chad's (St.) Well, Clerkenwell, Coldbath Fields, Spa Fields]. In the British Museum is preserved "the earliest example of a flint implement found in the Drift," and described in the original Sloane Catalogue as "A British weapon found with an elephant's tooth opposite to Black Mary's Well, near Gray's Inn Lane."

Black Raven Court. In Dodsley's London, 1761, six courts of this name are enumerated; but it is the "Black Raven Court, in Grub Street," which is mentioned in the programme of an "Exercise of Arms of the Artillery Company, to be performed on Wednesday, June 29, 1709, under the command of Sir Joseph Woolfe, Knight and Alderman, General," printed at length in No 41 of The Tatler. On which occasion, the force commanded by Lieutenant-General Charles Hopson, present Sheriff, having been beaten out of Red Lyon Market and Kings Head Court, and compelled to retreat up Chiswell Street, is hard pressed by the force under Alderman and General Sir Joseph Woolfe, whose victorious career is checked though only for the moment "by a party of men as lay in Black Raven Court."

Blackfriars, a church, precinct, and sanctuary with four gates, lying between Ludgate Hill and the Thames and extending westward from Castle Baynard (St. Andrew's Hill) to the Fleet river. It was so called from the house of Black, Preaching, or Dominican Friars, founded by Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, A.D. 1221. Their first London settlement was in Holborn near Lincoln's Inn, where they remained for a period of 55 years. In 1276 they removed to the particular locality near Ludgate which still bears their name, when Gregory Rokesley, Mayor, set apart a piece of ground in the ward of Castle Baynard for their use. Robert Kilwardby, Archbishop of Canterbury, contributed largely to the building of their church, and Edward I. by a Charter granted to the Friars in 1311 confirmed to them the gift of the Archbishop of "two lanes adjoining to his place of Castle Baynard and the Tower of Mountfichet . . . that so they shall not in future be disturbed or molested on the ground of purpresture made as to the lanes aforesaid." He and Queen Eleanor also contributed liberally to the endowment of the house. Edward I. allowed the Friars to pull down the City wall and take in all the land to the west as far as the Fleet river. Moreover the King intimated to the Mayor and citizens his desire that the new wall should be built at the expense of the City. There is little that is interesting in the history of the monastery till near the period of its dissolution. The chief exception was the

VOL. I

1 Liber Albus, p. 113.

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