18

erected in its stead, and now this has been removed to make way for the new Law Courts.

Butchers' Bridge, ON THE THAMES.

Edward, by the grace of God, etc., to the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen and Sheriffs of London, greeting. Whereas of late, upon the grievous complaint of divers prelates, nobles and other persons of the city aforesaid, having houses and holdings in the streets, lanes, and other places, between the shambles of the Butchers of St. Nicholas, near to the mansion of the Friars Minors of London, and the banks of the water of Thames near to Baynardescastelle in the same city, by their petition before us and our Council in our last Parliament, holden at Westminster, shown; we had heard that by reason of the slaughtering of beasts in the said shambles, and the carrying of the entrails and offal of the said beasts through the streets, lanes and places aforesaid, to the said banks of the river at the place called Bochersbrigge

grievous corruption and filth have been generated. . . .—Royal order for the removal of Bochersbrigge, 1369. Riley, Memorials of London, p. 339.

Butchers' Hall, 87 and 88 Bartholomew Close. The guild of butchers existed as early as the 12th century, but it was not incorporated till 3 James I., September 16, 1605. The ancient hall in Butcher Hall Lane was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666 and a new hall built in Pudding Lane in 1668. This hall was burnt down in 1829, and rebuilt in 1831. In consequence of the alterations made in the neighbourhood of Eastcheap the Company were forced to remove. The foundation stone of the new hall was laid on September 1, 1884, and the hall was opened on September 7, 1885. Daniel Defoe was the son of a butcher in Fore Street, Cripplegate, and applied, January 12, 1687, to be admitted to the freedom of the Butchers' Company by patrimony. On his petition he was at the same time discharged from serving all offices of the Company on payment of a fine of £10:15s.

Butterfly Alley, CHELSEA.

Chelsea has been long celebrated for its gardens; the white moss rose is said to have been first found at Old Brompton. On the north of the King's Road, where Colville Terrace and Keppel Street now extend opposite the Royal Avenue, there were two nursery grounds much frequented by the rank and fashion of London. The passage which divided these two flowery domains went by the name of " Butterfly Alley."-L'Estrange, The Village of Palaces or Chronicles of Chelsea, 1880, vol. ii. pp. 283, 284.

Butterfly Court. Dodsley (London and its Environs, 1761) mentions a court with this name as near Grub Street, Cripplegate. The name must surely have been given to it as a joke.

Button's Coffee-House, so called after Daniel Button, who kept it, stood on the south side of Russell Street, "about two doors from Covent Garden," over against "Tom's." It was established in 1713, when Cato had confirmed the reputation of Addison, and continued in vogue till Addison's death and Steele's retirement into Wales.

August 13, 1713.-The wits are removed from Will's over the way.—James Moore Smythe to Teresa Blount.

N.B. Mr. Ironside has, within five weeks last past, muzzled three lions, gorged five, and killed one. On Monday next the skin of the dead one will be hung up in

terrorem, at Button's Coffee-house, over against Tom's, in Covent Garden.-The Guardian, No. 71, June 2, 1713.

BUTTON'S Coffee-House.

MR. IRONSIDE.-I have observed that this day you make mention of Will's Coffeehouse, as a place where people are too polite to hold a man in discourse by the Button. Everybody knows your Honour frequents this house; therefore, they will take an advantage against me, and say, if my company was as civil as that of Will's, you would say so, etc. .-Your humble servant, DANIEL BUTTON.

The young poets are in the back room, and take their places as you directed. -The Guardian, No. 85, June 18, 1713.

On the 20th instant [July 20, 1713] it is my intention to erect a Lion's Head, in imitation of those I have described at Venice, through which all the private intelligence of that commonwealth is said to pass. This head is to open a most wide and voracious mouth, which shall take in such letters and papers as are conveyed to me by my correspondents. . . . It will be set up in Button's Coffee-house, in Covent Garden, who is directed to show the way to the Lion's Head, and to instruct any young author how to convey his works into the mouth of it with safety and secrecy. The Guardian, No. 98, July 3, 1713.

I think myself obliged to acquaint the public, that the Lion's Head, of which I advertised them about a fortnight ago, is now erected at Button's Coffee-house, in Russell Street, Covent Garden, where it opens its mouth at all hours for the reception of such intelligence as shall be thrown into it. . . . It is planted on the western side of the Coffee-house, holding its paws under the chin upon a box, which contains everything he swallows.-The Guardian, No. 114, July 22, 1713.

When you used to pass your hours at Button's, you were even there remarkable for your satirical itch of provocation; scarce was there a gentleman of any pretension to wit, whom your unguarded temper had not fallen upon in some biting epigram, among which you once caught a pastoral tartar, whose resentment, that your punishment might be proportioned to the smart of your poetry, had stuck up a birchen rod in the room,1 to be ready whenever you might come within reach of it; and at this rate you writ and rallied and writ on, till you rhymed yourself quite out of the coffeehouse.-A Letter from Mr. Cibber to Mr. Pope, 8vo, 1742, p. 65.

He [Ambrose Philips] proceeded to grosser insults, and hung up a rod at Button's with which he threatened to chastise Pope.—Johnson's Life of Ambrose Philips.

Button had been a servant in the Countess of Warwick's family, who, under the patronage of Addison, kept a coffee-house on the south side of Russell Street, about two doors from Covent Garden. Here it was that the wits of that time used to assemble. It is said, when Addison suffered any vexation from the Countess, he withdrew the company from Button's house.-Johnson's Life of Addison.

It was Dryden who made Will's Coffee-house the great resort for the wits of his time. After his death, Addison transferred it to Button's, who had been a servant of his; they were opposite each other in Russell Street, Covent Garden.-Pope; Spence, by Singer, p. 263.

Addison's chief companions, before he married Lady Warwick (in 1716), were Steele, Budgell, Philips, Carey, Davenant, and Colonel Brett. He used to breakfast with one or other of them at his lodgings in St. James's Place, dine at taverns with them, then to Button's, and then to some tavern again, for supper, in the evening; and this was then the usual round of his life.-Pope; Spence, by Singer, p. 196.

There had been a coldness between me and Mr. Addison for some time, and we had not been in company together for a good while anywhere but at Button's Coffeehouse, where I used to see him almost every day. On his meeting me there one day in particular, he took me aside, and said he should be glad to dine with me at such a

1 Another account says the rod was "stuck up at the bar of Button's," and that Pope avoided it by remaining at home-"his usual practice."—

Pope Alexander's Supremacy and Infallibility examined, 1729, p. 16. The Pastoral Tartar was Ambrose Philips (see post).

tavern, if I would stay till those people (Budgell and Philips) were gone. accordingly.-Pope; Spence, by Singer, p. 146.

We went

You have Mr. Tickell's book to divert one hour. It is already condemned here, and the malice and juggle at Button's is the conversation of those who have spare moments from politics.-Lintot to Pope, June 10, 1715.

He [Sir Samuel Garth] bid me tell you that everybody is pleased with your translation, but a few at Button's. . . . I am confirmed that at Button's your character is made very free with as to morals, etc.-Gay to Pope, July 8, 1715.

True Wit. Just as it was I find when I us'd Will's; but pray, sir, does that ancient rendezvous of the Doux Esprits hold its ground. And do men now, as formerly, become Wits by sipping Coffee and Tea with Wycherley and the reigning poets?

Freeman. No, no, there has been great revolutions in this state of affairs since you left us; Button's is now the established Wits' Coffee-house, and all the young scribblers of the times pay their attendance nightly there, to keep up their pretensions to sense and understanding.—Gildon, A New Rehearsal, 12mo, 1714.

The Lion's Head of the preceding extracts was inscribed with two lines from Martial :

Servantur magnis isti cervicibus ungues :

Non nisi delectâ pascitur ille ferâ.

The first line is from the 26th epigram of the first book and the second from the 28th. From Button's Coffee-house it was removed to the Shakespeare Tavern, under the Piazza. For a short time it found a home next door at the Bedford Coffee-house, and was used by Dr. Hill when editing the Inspector. It was sold (November 8, 1804) to Mr. Charles Richardson, of Richardson's Hotel, for £17: 10s., and when sold by Mr. Richardson's son, a few years back, was bought by the late Duke of Bedford, and deposited at Woburn, where it remains. Mr. Charles Richardson jun. printed in 1828 Notices and Extracts relating to the Lion's Head, which contains an engraving of it.

Cadogan Place, SLOANE STREET, was so called after Charles Cadogan, second Baron Cadogan of Oakley (d. 1776), who married Elizabeth, daughter and coheir of Sir Hans Sloane, President of the College of Physicians and Lord of the Manor of Chelsea. As late as July 1807 it is recorded as a piece of miscellaneous information that "Mr. Salisbury of Brompton has obtained a piece of ground of considerable extent in the centre of Cadogan Place, Hans Town, which he means to lay out as a Botanic Garden, of easy access to the public." 1

Cadogan Place. . . is the one slight bond that joins two great extremes; it is the connecting link between the aristocratic pavements of Belgrave Square and the barbarism of Chelsea. It is in Sloane Street, but not of it.-Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, p. 165.

The last London residence of Mrs. Jordan, the actress, was at No. 3 (now No. 30), third door from Pont Street. Lady Sarah Napier (originally Lennox and then Bunbury) the mother of the Conqueror of Scinde and of the historian of the Peninsular War, lived at No. 13 (now No. 40). Sir James Mackintosh at No. 42 (now No. 69) in

1 Aikin's Athenæum, vol. ii. p. 55.

1826. William Wilberforce expired, July 29, 1833, in a "small borrowed house (No. 44) in Cadogan Place."

Cadogan Square, CHELSEA, which consists of large houses built in various styles of architecture, was commenced in 1882-1883. is built on the site of the Pavilion and its gardens. A road was made across a portion of the square in 1886 but afterwards abolished, and the garden as at present arranged was laid out in the spring of 1886.

Caledonian Asylum (The Royal), Caledonian Road, immediately north of the Model Prison; established 1815, "for the relief of the children of soldiers, sailors and mariners, natives of Scotland, who have died or been disabled in the service of their country; and the children of indigent Scotch parents residing in London, not entitled to parochial relief." Age of admission, between seven and ten years. About 110 children are maintained, clothed, and educated. The institution was originally established in Cross Street, Hatton Garden, but subsequently removed to a spacious semi-classic building, constructed for the purpose in 1828 by George Tappen, architect, in what was then Copenhagen Fields, but is now a populous neighbourhood.

Caledonian Road, from KING'S CROSS to CAMDEN ROAD, HOLLOWAY. It was formed in pursuance of an Act of Parliament, 6 Geo. IV. c. 156 (1825), obtained by the "Battle Bridge and Holloway Road Company." It was at first generally known as Chalk Road, and is so named in several maps, but since the adoption of its present name the others have passed into oblivion. In this road are All Saints Church, 1837-1838, designed by William Tress, architect, and the Caledonian Road Congregational Chapel, 1850-1851, by R. Trimen, architect, the Great Northern Hospital, the Model Prison, the Caledonian Asylum, and entrances to the Metropolitan Cattle Market, and it is crossed by the North London Railway.

Camberwell, SURREY, a large parish in the hundred of Brixton, about three miles from Blackfriars Bridge. It includes the hamlets of Peckham and Dulwich, and has a population of over 120,000.

I can find nothing satisfactory with respect to its etymology; the termination seems to point out some remarkable spring; a part of the parish is called Milkwell, and a mineral water was discovered some years ago [1739] near Dulwich.—Lysons, vol. i. p. 68.

According to Domesday "Ca'brewelle" was taxed for 1200 acres, and was worth £12 in King Edward's time.

The old church (St. Giles's) was destroyed by fire, Sunday, February 7, 1841, and the present church (Messrs. Scott and Moffatt architects, but the design by Sir G. G. Scott; style, Decorated) completed and con-. secrated in 1844. It is generally regarded as the most correct and elegant structure which had been erected up to that time in the revived Gothic style. It is cruciform, with a fine tower and stone spire 210 feet high, and a peal of ten bells. Richard Parr, Rector of

Bermondsey, the biographer and chaplain of Archbishop Usher, and vicar of this place for almost thirty-eight years, was buried in the old churchyard in 1691. Thomas Major, the famous engraver (d. 1799), and the wife of John Wesley, were also buried here. The register dates from 1558, and contains some curious entries. A marriage record is of interest:-" 1622, Dec. 3, Edw. Allen, Esq., to Mrs. Constance Donn." This was Edward Alleyn, the founder of Dulwich College, and his second wife, a daughter of Dr. Donne, the poet, and Dean of St. Paul's. Besides the mother church, ten or twelve others have been built in different parts of this extensive parish. Here also are the Aged Pilgrims' Asylum, the Bethel Asylum Almshouses, the Parish Clerk's Almshouses, and various other charitable institutions.

September 1, 1657.-I visited Sir Edmund Bowyer at his melancholy seate at Camerwell. He has a pretty grove of oakes, and hedges of yew in his garden, and a handsome row of tall elmes in his court.-Evelyn.

Bowyer or Manor House remained, though diminished in size and greatly injured in appearance, till a few years back. It is said that Sir C. Wren lived here while building St. Paul's Cathedral. Now the site of both house and grounds is covered with streets of small houses. It stood near Emmanuel Church. Camberwell Green, on which, till suppressed, was held the long popular Camberwell Fair, was railed in, planted, and turned into a public recreation ground in 1858. A fair known as Camberwell Fair appears to have been at one time kept in the churchyard. It was removed to Camberwell Green, and was there kept until its suppression in 1823.

Cambridge Circus, CHARING CROSS ROAD. A circus formed at the junction of the two new thoroughfares now called Charing Cross Road and Shaftesbury Avenue, and named after H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge, who opened the Charing Cross Road in January 1887. Trees were planted here in March 1887.

Cambridge House, 94 Piccadilly, is described in Dodsley (1761) as "the last house built in Piccadilly." It was then the Earl of Egremont's, who died here in 1763, and his son, the third Earl, the well-known friend and patron of artists, lived here till 1794, when he removed to Grosvenor Place. The Marquis of Cholmondeley was living here in 1822-1829, and from him the house was named Cholmondeley House. The Duke of Cambridge, youngest son of George III., died here July 8, 1850. A few days earlier (June 27) Queen Victoria paid him a visit, and as she was passing out of the gate in an open barouche, Robert Pate, who had been an officer in the 10th Hussars, struck at her with a small cane, cutting through the bonnet and wounding her forehead. On the death of the Duke of Cambridge Sir Richard Sutton, the owner of the freehold, occupied the house, and made it his own residence until his death in November 1855, after which Lord Palmerston took the house and lived in it until his death in 1865. It is now occupied by the Naval and Military Club.