In this weight the words gross and net are used. Gross weight is the weight of the goods, with the boxes, casks, or bags in which they are contained. Net is the weight. of the goods only; or what remains after deducting from the gross weight the weight of the boxes, casks, or bags. According to the old method of weighing, which was adopted from the English system, 112 pounds make what was called one hundred weight. But at the present time the merchants in our principal cities buy and sell by the 100 pounds.

NOTE 1. Read the table across the page downward, thus, 16 drams make 1 ounce, 16 ounces make 1 pound, 28 pounds make 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 hundred, and 20 hundreds 1 ton.

NOTE 2. We can always see from the tables, by reading them from the left to the right, the value of any unit expressed in each of the lower denominations. Thus, 1 ounce is equal to 16 drams, 1 pound equal to 16 ounces, equal to 256 drams, &c.

82. What is the standard avoirdupois pound of the United States? For what is this weight used? What is the meaning of the terms gross and net? What is a hundred weight? How are goods now generally bought and sold? How is the table to be read? How can you determine, from the table, the value of any unit in units of the lower denominations?

EXAMPLES.

1. Reduce 5T. 8cwt. 3qr. 24lb. 13oz. 14dr. to drams.

2. Reduce 27T. 17cwt. 29qr. 2176. to ounces.

Ans. 904136oz.

3. Reduce 94T. 19cwt. 1qr. to quarters.

4. Reduce 3124446 drams to tons.

Ans. 7597qr.

Ans. 6T. 2cwt. Oqr. 4lb. 13oz. 14ḍr.

5. Reduce 108910592 drams to tons.

Ans. 212T. 14cwt. 1qr. 7lb.

6. Reduce 2998128 ounces to tons.

Ans. 93T. 13cwt. 3qr. 8lb.

TROY WEIGHT.

83. Gold, silver, jewels, and liquors, are weighed by this weight. The standard Troy pound of the United States, as determined by Mr. Hassler, is the weight of 22.794377 cubic inches of distilled water. Hence, it is less than the pound avoirdupois. Its denominations are pounds, ounces, pennyweights, and grains.

1. Reduce 1676. 11oz. 15pwt. to pennyweights.

OPERATION.

16 lb.

02.

lb.

2. In 25lb. 9oz. Opwt, 20gr., how many grains?

Ans. 148340.

83. What things are weighed by Troy weight?

What is the

standard pound? What are its denominations? Repeat the table.

Ans. 1lb. 1oz. 10pwt. 10gr.

4. In 678618 grains, how many pounds?

Ans. 1177b. 9oz. 15pwt. 18gr.

84. This weight is used by apothecaries and physicians in mixing their medicines. Its denominations are pounds, ounces, drams, scruples, and grains. The pound and ounce are the same as the pound and ounce in the Troy weight; the difference between the two weights consists in the different divisions and subdivisions of the

ounce.

TABLE.

20 grains, gr. make 1 scruple, marked .

3 scruples

1 dram,

3.

84. What is the use of the Apothecaries' weight? What are its denominations? Of what value are the pound and the ounce? Repeat the table.

EXAMPLES.

OPERATION.

1. Reduce ob 83 63 20 12gr., to grains. We first multiply by the number of ounces in a lb., and at the same time add in the ounces. We next multiply by the number of drams in an ounce, and add in the drams: we then multiply by the number of scruples in a dram, and add in the scruples; and lastly, we multiply by 20 and add in the grains.

9

12

116 ounces.

8

934 drams. 3

2804 scruples.

20

Ans. 56092 grains.

2. Reduce 27 93 63 10 to scruples.

Ans. 8011 scruples. 3. Reduce 94 113 13 to drams. Ans. 9113 drams.

LONG MEASURE.

85. This measure is used to measure distances, lengths, breadths, heights, depths, &c. Its denominations are barleycorns, inches, feet, yards, fathoms, rods, furlongs, and miles.

寡 TABLE.

3 barleycorns, bar. make 1 inch, marked in.