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NOTE. A fathom is a length of six feet, and is generally used to measure the depth of water.

A hand is 4 inches, and is used to measure the height of horses.

EXAMPLES.

1. In 675ft. 10in. 2bar., how many barleycorns?

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2. In 59mi. 7fur. 38rd., how many rods?

3. In 194656bar., how many feet?

We first divide by the number of barleycorns in an inch, and then by the number of inches in a foot.

Ans. 19198rd.

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4. In 115188 rods, how many miles?

Ans. 359mi. fur. 28rd.

5. In 719m. fur. 16rd., how many feet?

Ans. 3801204.

6. In 118°, how many statute and how many geo

graphical miles?

Ans.

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8210 statute miles.

7080 geographical miles.

LAND OR SQUARE MEASURE.

86. Land or square measure is used in measuring land, or any thing in which length and breadth are both considered.

A square is the space included between four equal lines, drawn perpendicular to each other. Each line is called a side of the square. If each side be one foot, the figure is called a square foot.

If the sides of the square be each one yard, the square is called a square yard. In the large square there are nine small squares, the sides of which are each one foot. Therefore, the square yard contains 9 square feet.

1 yard=3 feet..

1 Foot.

1 Foot.

Square foot.

1 yard=3 feet.

The number of small squares that is contained in any large square is always equal to the product of two of the sides of the large square. As in the figure, 3×3=9 square feet. The number of square inches contained in a square foot is equal to 12× 12=144.

TABLE.

144 square inches, sq. in. make 1 square foot,

9 square feet

30 square yards

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Sq. ft.

1 square yard, Sq. yd. 1 square pole, P.

1 rood,

1 acre,

R.

A.

1 square mile, M.

86. For what is Square Measure used? What is a square? If each side be one foot, what is it called? If each side be a yard, what is it called? How many square feet does the square yard contain? How is the number of small squares contained in a large square found? Repeat the table.

A. R. P. Sq. yd. Sq.ft.

1=4=160=4840-43560=6272640

1= 40=1210-10890=1568160

Sq. in.

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87. The Surveyor's or Gunter's chain is generally used in surveying land. It is 4 poles or 66 feet in length, and is divided into 100 links.

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Land is generally estimated in square miles, acres, roods, and square poles or perches.

EXAMPLES.

1. In 32M. 25A. 3R., how many square poles?

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Ans. 31571.

2. In 19A. 2R. 37P., how many square poles?

3. In 175 square chains, how many square poles?

Ans. 2800P.

87. What chain is used in surveying land? How long is it? How is it divided? Repeat the table. How is land generally estimated?

14. In 37456 square inches, how many square feet?

12x12=144

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12)37456
12)3121..4
260.. 1

1x12+4=16.

Ans. 260 Sq. ft. 16Sq. in.

5. In 14972 square rods, how many acres?

Ans. 93A. 2R. 12P.

6. In 3674139P., how many square miles?

Ans. 35M. 563A. 1R. 19P.

SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE.

3 feet=1 yard.

88. Solid or cubic measure is used in measuring stone, timber, earth, and such other things as have three dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness. Its denominations are tons, cords, yards, feet, and inches. A cube is a body, or solid, having six equal faces, which are squares. If the sides of the cube be each one foot long, the solid is called a cubic or solid foot. But when the sides of the cube are one yard, as in the figure, the cube is called a cubic or solid yard. The base of the cube, which is the face on which it stands, contains 3x3=9 square feet. Therefore 9 cubes, of one foot each, can be placed on the base. If the solid were one foot high it would contain 9 cubic feet; if it were 2 feet thick it would contain two tiers of cubes, or 18 cubic feet; and if it were 3 feet high, it would con tain three tiers, or 27 cubic feet. Hence, the content of a solid is equal to the product of its length, breadth, and

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3 feet-1 yard.

88. For what is solid or cubic measure used? What are its denominations? What is a cube? What is a cubic or solid foot? What is a cubic yard? How many cubic feet in a cubic yard? What is the content of a solid equal to? Repeat the table. What is a cord of wood? How many solid feet does contain?

thickness. Therefore, 1 cubic foot contains 12×12×12 =1728 cubic inches.

TABLE.

1728 solid inches, S. in. make 1 solid foot,

S. ft.

27 solid feet

1 solid yard,

S. yd.

40 feet of round, or 50
feet of hewn timber,

1 ton,

Ton.

make 1 cord of

wood

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C.

128 solid feet=8x4x4, that is, a pile 8 feet in length, 4 feet in width, and 4 feet in height,

NOTE. A cord foot, is one foot in length of the pile which makes a cord. It contains sixteen solid feet.

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EXAMPLES.

1. Reduce 14 tons of round timber to solid inches. Ans. 967680 solid inches.

2. In 55 cords of wood, how many solid feet?

Ans. 7040.

3. In 25 cords of wood, how many cord feet?

Ans. cord f.

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5. Reduce 28160 solid feet to cords.

6. Reduce 174964 cord feet to cords.

Ans. 220 cords.

Ans. 21870 cords, 4 cord feet.

7. In 7645900 solid inches, how many tons of hewn Ans. 88 tons 24 S. ft. 1228 S. in.

timber?

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