constitutes good citizenship-he became at last a decided, devoted, and an exemplary Christian. His early opposition to the slave-trade evinced also, that he was a friend to the whole brotherhood of man. He has left behind, rather to glory in, and we hope to imitate his virtues, than to lament his loss, a son and a daughter; the former a clergyman, who at the time of his father's decease was residing in the Crimea, on an estate given him by the Emperor of Russia, as a reward for agricultural services rendered to that country.

His remains were interred in the church-yard of Bradfield, the funeral being attended by a large body of the poor of the adjoining country, all anxious to testify their respect for the memory of so great a benefactor, whose kindness will long be remembered, and his loss deeply regretted, alike by

"The young who labour, and the poor who rest;" few men, with so limited an income, having conferred greater benefits on their neighbourhood. A detached memoir of his life has been promised, and will, we hope, ere long make its appearance, though we could not, in expectation of its doing so, longer delay our humble tribute to his talents and his worth; deriving, as we have done, our principal materials for the illustration of his religious character, from an obituary inserted in that valuable work, The Christian Observer, by one who must evidently have known him well.

A short Account of BALI, communicated by the Hon. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Knt., Lieutenant-Governor of Fort-Marlborough, Bencoolen.

POPULATION.-Bali is the only island of the Archipelago, except Java, and perhaps some part of the Celebes, the inhabitants of which may be considered to have made any very considerable advances in civilization. Its agriculture is of so improved a description as to furnish food for a great population, the island being stated in the time of Valentyn to contain a million of inhabitants. The people are comparatively laborious, peaceable, and industrious, and are in all respects favourably contrasted with the untamed savages of the surrounding countries. The island is said to be about eighty miles long and as much broad, or to contain six thousand four hundred square miles, which area, at

the population already conjectured, would give one hundred and fifty-five souls to a square mile, a degree of populousness far exceeding that of Java; but it is probable the calculation is much over-rated. Making due allowance for the nature of the country, and circumstances of society, and comparing these with what we know of Java, it would not be fair to estimate the whole population of Bali at much more than sixty to a square mile, which would give a total population of about 400,000.

General Appearance of the Country.-The face of the country is mountainous to a remarkable degree. The great mountains are situated in the interior, to which there is a gradual ascent of smaller hills and valleys. The ravines and beds of rivers are deep and strong, and the rivers themselves necessarily rapid. The more cultivated parts of the country are thickly set with cocoa-nut and other fruit trees, and what is uncultivated is as usual covered with deep forests.

Agriculture.-Rice forms the chief food of the people, assisted to a considerable extent by maize, yams, sweet potatoes, and other productions of a mountainous and dry soil. The cultivators are described as laborious, and at least as skilful as those of Java. The Balinese women are said not to engage so much in the labours of the field as those of Java; they neither sow, plant, nor carry the produce home, or to market, as those do. They engage in the less laborious process of reaping only. The rice is said to yield from thirty to forty fold, and the maize often more than a hundred this is frequent in Java. Besides the necessaries

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of life, the Balinese grow cotton of a superior kind; the same seed yields two crops, and is cultivated in the Tagal or dry lands, the reverse of the practice on Java. The Kossumbo and Wangkudu, dyeing drugs esteemed in commerce, are also cultivated to a considerable extent.

History.-Bali is stated by Valentyn to have been visited by Sir F. Drake, in the year 1597. The Dutch seem never to have acquired much influence, nor to have formed any establishments, on this island. Java had never been thoroughly mastered by them, and they had necessarily had no time to think of a remoter conquest. With regard to the native history, the people of this island were in all probability converted to the religion of Bud'h at the same period as the rest of the islanders, that is, about 1740 years ago, when the followers of that sect were expelled from India by the superior influence of the Brahmans. On the introduction

of the Mahomedan religion in Java, many of the persecuted followers of the ancient worship seem to have taken refuge in Bali, and the descendants of the princes of Majapahit to have acquired authority there, as several of the reigning families claim their descent from them; such as the rajah of Gelgel or Khungkung, the prince of highest rank, though not of the greatest authority on the island.

Character. The Balinese appear, from all accounts, to be of a mild and inoffensive disposition, neither prone to anger, nor revengeful. They readily associate with strangers, and are altogether divested of those deep-rooted prejudices of caste, nation, and religion, with which the inhabitants of continental Asia are so powerfully tinctured. Prisoners of war either mix with the conquerors, or are sold into slavery, but are never put to death. The use of poisoned arrows in warfare, though not in all probability practised to the extent alleged, appears however a signal mark of barbarism and ferocity, not easily reconciled with this account. It is remarked of the Balinese, that they are the only people of the Eastern Archipelago who have at once sufficient courage and tractability to fit them to receive the regular discipline of European troops.

Food, Clothing, and Habitation. The diet of the people is not confined to vegetables, and from all accounts the use of animal food is pretty common. This consists of pork, hogs being very abundant, and every village breeding many hundreds of them. Shipping touching at the ports on Bali, are consequently readily supplied with plenty of this sort of provisions. The use of spirituous liquors is not unfrequent, and in Badung and other ports where there has been an intercourse with Europeans, many of the people have become slaves to the use of opium, which is said to be readily discovered in their pale and emaciated faces and enfeebled bodies. The Balinese houses are built on the ground like those of the Javanese, and not raised upon pillars like those of the Malays, and other inhabitants of the borders of rivers and marshy sea coasts. That this resource is unnecessary, is a sufficient evidence of the dryness and salubrity of the climate. The Balinese are generally well clothed with their own cotton manufactures, which are cheaper than those of Java, and generally of a

Buffalo meat forms a very principal part of their food, but oxen are held in great veneration; they do not allow foreigners to slaughter them on the island, and prohibit the use of their hides, which are eaten as a delicacy, cut into small pieces and fried,

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better fabric, owing to the superior quality of their_cotton. Compared with the natives of Java, however, the Balinese are not so well clad; the women go nearly naked until they are married, at which time the bridegroom wraps a selendang or cloth over the bosom of the bride.

Manufactures.-The cloths of Bali are described by Mr. Marsden as constituting an article of the import trade of Sumatra. Except the Javanese and Bugis, the Balinese are the only people of the Eastern Archipelago possessed of sufficient skill or ingenuity, or of sufficient leisure from the toils of procuring a subsistence, to fabricate a manufacture for the purpose of exportation. This is a decisive trait of an advanced state of society. As in Java, the women alone are the artists. The cloths are either white, or striped wove in the loom. The art of printing, or rather painting, as practised by the Javanese, is unknown to them. Valentyn ascribes considerable skill to the Balinese in works of gold and iron; at a place called Baratan in the territories of Beleling, a number of blacksmiths have by some accident been brought together, and here it is said they manufacture muskets, blunderbusses, spears, krises, &c. with much neatness. Badung, however, is the principal place for the manufacture of krises, spears, muskets, and rifles; the locks of the latter are clumsily made, though a good deal of taste is displayed in inlaying the barrels after the manner of the kris blades.

Domestic State.-All the natives of the Eastern Archipe lago live in a climate and under physical circumstances so extremely similar, that the essential difference in their characters cannot be very material, when they have alike received the advantages of foreign arts and instruction. In some respect, however, the Balinese are honourably distinguished from their neighbours the Javanese. The intercourse between the sexes is here conducted with great decorum, and chastity and fidelity are distinguishing features in the character of their women. Marriages are contracted at a mature period of life, and between persons of nearly similar ages; and they are generally indissoluble, a woman prostituting herself to a dozen of husbands in the course of her life, as is frequently seen on Java, being a thing unknown among the more virtuous Balinese.

Religion. The religion of Bali is that of Budh. The people are not divided into castes, but the priesthood appears to be hereditary. They are denominated Brahmans, and live in societies by themselves, generally in some se

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cluded spot in the mountainous part of the country. Lands are assigned for their support, and that of their temples, which they labour with their own hands. Those of the priesthood never engage in warfare, and their exclusive attention is bestowed on their religious functions and the cultivation of the lands assigned for their subsistence. The Balinese, very unlike the Javanese and the rest of the Oriental islanders, have jealously rejected the Mahomedan doctrines, but without any declaration of hostility towards that or any other religious sect. At the ports of Bali the Mahomedan merchants of the neighbouring countries are treated, it is said, with respect and consideration. The converts, are extremely few, and whenever they are found, are not permitted to live within the confines of the villages of the aboriginal religionists, but, somewhat like the proscribed castes in India, any one embracing a foreign religion is discarded by his family, who from the moment of his conversion break off all intercourse with him. None of the princes of the island have ever adopted the Mahomedan religion; had they shewn the example, it is probable, from the habitual veneration to princes which so remarkably belongs to the political character of the Oriental islanders, that they would have been immediately followed.

Government. The despotism of the princes of Bali would appear to be of a milder character than that which belongs to the native governments of Java. The evidence of this, if the accounts received be entitled to credit, is sufficiently clear. The right of private property in the soil is distinctly established: lands are bought and sold, and pass in hereditary succession from father to son. The share of the prince is confined to six sheaves in a hundred, and that taken from rice crops only; this, if true, would either indicate a degree of freedom which experience forbids us to believe, or a state of society so primitive and simple as would convince us that property had not yet accumulated to any extent. That the distinction of ranks is, however, determined among the Balinese in a manner incompatible with any degree of freedom and equality, is too clear from the evidence of their language. Like the Javanese, though not to the same extent, the language of Bali establishes the degrading distinction of one class of words for the people, and another for the privileged orders addressing them. The common people are said not to be burdened with forced or feudal services. The privileged classes are here hereditary, which is not the case on Java. An obligation of feudal service in war is all that seems expected from them. Among the people them