known to those familiar with these subjects, is not the best test of the real status of the productive industries of a State. There were in 1876, of "improved lands," 28,737,539 acres; in 1880, 29,815,595, an increase in four years of 1,078,052 acres of tilled land. That is, during the four years enough land has been “cleared and taken in," as the farmers say, to make one-hundred-acre farms for nearly eleven thousand families. We will see presently who own a good deal of this area. The increased value of town and city property within the last year indicates not only reaction from the long-continued depression, but substantial progress. In 1877 the value of this property was $49,007,286; in 1880, $51,230,730, an increase in one year of $2,223,444. April 1, 1879, there were in " money and solvent debts," $26,513,005; April 1, 1880, $29,295,434. April 1, 1879, "merchandise," as reported, was worth $12,012,755; April 1, 1880, $13,989,109. What does the comptroller's report indicate as to the measure of the active productive capital in Georgia? Here we have a far more reliable test than in the valuation of lands. In 1879 the value of horses, mules, hogs, sheep, cattle, etc., was $21,017,634; in 1880, $23,075,764, an increase of $2,058,130. This is nearly ten per cent. in twelve months. What these tables are every man who travels at large through the State knows from the evidence of his own eyes. Georgia has not been so well "stocked" in work animals and all kinds of cattle in twenty years. The value of plantation and mechanical tools enters largely into the question of the real condition of the people. April 1, 1879, plantation and mechanical tools were worth $2,910,372; April 1, 1880, $3,206,285, an increase of $235,037. The value of cotton and other manufactories "not exempt" from taxation, shows an increase within the year of $326,845. (The total value of manufactories empt" under the act of August 22, 1872, is $4,138,376). ex Comparing 1876 with 1880, we find in the "number of hands employed between the ages of twelve and sixty-five" a decrease of 7,827. There were in 1879 107,827 hands employed; in 1880, 100,780. Indicating not that fewer people are at work, but that more people do their own work, and farm their own lands. It indicates an increase of small farms carved out of the old plantations; and this increase of small farms is largely explained by the fact that a much larger number of freedmen "own the farms they work." At this point it is interesting to inquire carefully into the status of the colored people. April 1, 1877, the negroes owned of improved lands 458,998 acres, worth $1,262,723; April 1, 1880, 586,764 acres, worth $1,522,173, an increase in acreage in four years of 127,665; increase in value of $359,450. In 1877 the negroes owned town and city property" to the amount of $1,154,122; in 1880, $1,201,902. Note also their "stock and tools." In 1877 their horses, mules hogs, cattle, etc., were worth $1,636,942; in 1880, $2,054,787. The aggregate value of the property owned by colored people in 1877 was $4,382,398; in 1880, $5,764,293, an increase of 581,895. That is, the negroes have increased the total value of their property about ten per cent.; the whole people about six per cent. Had the whole people done as well as the negroes, instead of an increase of something over $14,000,000, it should have been nearly $23,000,000. More and more our colored citizens are anxious to "buy land"; more and more the Georgia landholders-the "old proprietors," if the reader please—are willing to sell it to them. It may be mentioned at this point, that one of the leading land-owners in my county (Newton) said to me a few days ago, that he had sold farms, averaging about one hundred acres each, to nearly thirty negro men, giving them long and easy terms, and only two failed to come to time. There is every reason to believe that 1881 will show a still larger advance in all the lines of real progress; 1880 was a good year. Large crops brought good 1881.] WHO WILL PUT A HAND TO THE WHEEL? prices, and there is money, aside from debts and necessary expenses, to invest in larger and better productive apparatus. There can be no question about it: the mass of our people were never so comfortable in their lives or in the lives of their fathers. There are not, perhaps, as many rich men; there are hundreds of 133 thousands of comfortable middle class people. There are fewer "mansions" on the plantations; there are many more sightly and pleasant cottages on the farms. The people-the great mass of people of Georgia-were never so well fed, so well clothed, so well housed as now. THA WHO WILL PUT A HAND TO THE WHEEL? mony against its use; educators and reformers have spoken derogatorily of the practice of chewing, smoking, and snuffing, denouncing it as useless, poisonous, and degrading; still the annual amount of tobacco raised in the United States is estimated at 270,000,000 pounds. HAT tobacco grew naturally in Amer- | vening time have brought frequent testiica, and that it was cultivated, before the discovery of Columbus, far north of the warm sections to which it was indigenous, and used by the Indians from unknown antiquity, are no reasons why we, the enlightened nations of to-day, should continue its culture and use. We did not assume the general habits of the American Indians, and why this odorous, pernicious one should have taken such persistent hold on us, it is difficult to divine. Tobacco was not kindly received by foreign monarchs when its film first invaded the atmosphere of their kingdoms. King James I. of England issued a "Counterblaste to Tobacco," in which he described its use as "a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, and dangerous to the lungs." Likening the "fumes thereof to the horrible stygian smoke of the bottomless pit." The priests and Sultans of Turkey declared smoking a crime; the Popes Innocent XI. and Urban VIII. poured upon it their ecclesiastical censure. Sultan Ammet decreed its punishments by cruel deaths. Russian authorities, early in the seventeenth century, mutilated the noses of all smokers. Yet at present, the Russians, Turks, and Persians are most inveterate smokers; and the weed is cultivated in Germany, Greece, Turkey, and various European countries. Only prohibitory laws prevent its being raised in southern England and Ireland. The air of America to-day is often dank with its clinging, empyreumatical odor. On the streets, in carriages, cars, and drawing-rooms it salutes nostrils and permeates lungs that find every fume of it nauseous, in spite of the fact that association has apparently rendered it unobjectionable to the masses. The fact is pitiable and the remedy unfound. We must take the air, heavy as we find it, for we can not rid it of its present bane; but may we not sweeten it for coming generations? May we not keep the young pure? knowing that, while the practice of using tobacco is prejudicial to persons of all ages, it is hurtful in the greatest degree to systems that have not obtained full maturity. Let us reach out a helping hand to our boys. Those who sell or present children with tobacco are more culpable than they imagine. They implant the germ of a habit which counsel in the other direction would often ward off until ripened judgment inspired them with higher aims. I have been sadly grieved by seeing mere nurselings, nine or ten years old, with cigars in their little mouths. Why not shield them with a protective pledge? With a sigh to disturb its sanctity, and Learned and medical men in the inter- warmed by a desire to help other moth ers, I draw the curtain aside and disclose help of God, and guarded by her prayers, I will never ELLIS P. ODERHOLTZER, port, and we need to uphold each other in every motion toward purity. This seems to me the only way we can shake off the incubus and rid ourselves of the smoke and disagreeableness of tobacco. It never brightened one man's intellect or enhanced his beauty. It has "Further, That I will never willingly rear, trade in, beclouded countless minds, induced ap or distribute the useless and obnoxious weed. ELLIS P. OBERHOLTZER. This pledge is wholly personal and sa- j cred, and I know it will be kept. We have another, recently formed, which we circulate among our young friends, and to which we have already several signers. It is called "The Cambria Station Pledge," and runs: petites for stronger intoxicants, soiled many sweet lips, and tainted otherwise pure breaths. Shall we not awaken anew our interest in the matter, fathers, mothers, and boys, and have a protective pledge in every community, aye, in every home? By making ourselves co-operative and general in this work we could do much personal good and purify the air for coming PHRENOLOGY has for many years been conferring its benefits on humanity in various ways, both directly and indirectly, and its influence has become wide-spread, benefiting science, literature, and art. Society at large has been receiving these benefits as if they were matters of course, and, for the most part, has given little heed to the appeals which have been made in behalf of sustaining it. The profits arising from the publishing of the PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL, and from the regular business which its publishers conduct, have been, as a rule, applied to the dissemination of scientific and moral teaching, year after year, so that a larger number of people might become interested in the subject they represent, and, as a result, means have been wanting to undertake many desirable enterprises which the publishers might otherwise have accomplished. Many of the benefited have expressed themselves as thankful; but few have been moved to do something practical by way of donations or bequests for the purpose of extending a knowledge of Phrenology. We are therefore glad to note two or three recent manifestations of interest and special encouragement. One takes the form of a proposition, as follows: In FOWLER & WELLS:-Dear Friends: reply to yours, offering "Brain and Mind" at cost, to give to clergymen who may wish to read it, I enclose sufficient amount to pay for one hundred copies, which you can distribute in such a manner as may seem best adapted to reach persons of this class who will probably be benefited by it. I am prompted to do this from the belief that a thorough, practical knowledge of human nature, as taught by Phrenology, will prove to clergymen the very best means of advanc 1881.] AN IMPORTANT MOVEMENT. ing, and influencing for good, the people in their charge; and I have a desire, also, to enable them to examine for themselves the claims of the subject which are so admirably and concisely stated in this volume. Although the number of copies I am able to distribute is small, I hope some good results may come of it, and especially that others of larger means may be prompted to act or co-operate in a similar direction. It is my desire that my name shall not be made public in connection with this; and wishing you abundant success in elevating mankind spiritually, mentally, and morally, I remain, Faithfully yours, ****. We like the ring of this: it is genuine philanthropy—a move in the right direction of practical benefit, and we hope it will prove the commencement only of many similar efforts, and that the work mentioned shall be placed in the hands of every one of the ninety or one hundred thousand clergymen in the country, or, at least, in the hands of all who would be willing to read and profit by it. Now, the readers of the JOURNAL may call the attention of their pastors and clerical friends who are unacquainted with Phrenology, to this offer, and let those who desire to take advantage of it send at once, as, of course, the number of copies thus offered is limited, and the only work offered is "Brain and Mind."* In this connection, we are enabled to note another proposition, which has for its scene of operation a Southern State, which promises to be an important matter. Through the energy of our Georgia agent, Mr. Howell B. Parker, who has for the past two years been working to introduce the JOURNAL widely in his State, another friend to the phrenological cause has been found who is willing to pay the difference between the subscription price and half-price for two thousand copies of the JOURNAL, to go to new subscribers in Georgia: thus furnishing the magazine to people there at $1.00 instead *The publishers ask only that clergymen who write for the book will enclose fifteen cents in postage-stamps to pay for the cost of its transmission. 135 of $2.00 per annum. These subscribers will also be entitled to the premiums offered to yearly subscribers by simply remitting the extra amount of twentyfive cents. This offer is made for this year only, and is limited to the number stated. All subscriptions must be addressed to Mr. Howell B. Parker, Atlanta, Ga. And further, through Mr. Parker a remittance has been received from an old friend of Phrenology, Dr. Samuel Irwin, for the purpose of placing the JOURNAL in every free reading-room in the State of Georgia. Applications for participation in this may be sent directly to the office of the publishers, or addressed to Mr. Parker as above. In taking this step, Dr. Irwin has done what we are sure will prove a great blessing, for he will enable hundreds of Southern people, young men especially, to read the JOURNAL, who would not otherwise see it at all. These propositions are a challenge to other men and women of the country, North and South, who have means and are willing to devote part of them to the work of public education and public benefit. We should be glad to receive even Brain and small contributions to the " Mind" Fund. No matter how small the amount a person may be able to contribute; that fund may be handsomely increased, and could be in advance of the demands made upon it. The establishment of a fund for the dissemination of books, such as are published by Messrs. Fowler & Wells, gratuitously among certain classes in society, or generally among the people, would be a work of the highest philanthropy, and the publishers would gladly do their part in the furtherance of so grand a work by furnishing the books at bare cost. We can not but think that the very auspicious opening of eighteen hundred and eighty-one, which the proposals we have detailed illustrates, will be supplemented, and the good work of promoting a moral and intellectual reform go on to its end. IN PEOPLE OF GALICIA. N September last the Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria visited Galicia, a province of his empire, situated at the arily, a festal one, the people, high and low, thronging to the chief cities where the Emperor made his halts, and greeting him on his arrival, and while in public with strong demonstrations of joy. In Lemberg, the capital of Galicia, the GALICIAN PEASANTS WAITING TO SEE THE EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA PASS, |