conforms to their tastes and aptitudes, and not devote them to a mission, or to studies for which they have not been organized. . . .

....

"One of the remedies for error in public instruction is the introduction of methods for the teaching of science and in the establishment of special classes corresponding, as far as possible, to the grand divisions of social activity. These classes should have professors competent to classify, and as far as possible they should be selected for the training of classes made up of youth possessing special aptitudes. The teachers themselves should have a taste for practical teaching in each of the departments; in this way their instruction would be fruitful and profitable. Before entrance into one of the special upper classes, whose object is to perfect the acquaintance of the pupil with the nature of his vocation, or the career to which he is destined by his tastes, it should be necessary to put his tendencies and aptitudes to the proof as much before the cyes of the pupil himself, as before those of his teachers and fellow-pupils. Special upper classes should be created in different parts of France in such a way as to be most useful in accordance with the character of the neighborhood. Established at first in small numbers, they could be multiplied in proportion to the demand. Each class should specialize one grand division of national activity, for instance that of agriculture, or mining and metallurgy, applied mechanics or architecture and public works, or the industries, manufactures, or social economy, medicine, civil service, normal education, languages, letters, etc.

"Science has made its entrée in all productive careers; it is necessary to them in the highest degree. It should not be introduced, however, incidentally, or by ricochet; but on the contrary, it should be introduced carefully through the means of studies seriously pursued in establishments accessible to all the children of the peo ple. In this way society would quickly be in condition to select men worthy of engaging in all enterprises."

THE COMING CONFLICT.-Life is a struggle for existence, in which the law of progress is maintained by the survival of the fittest, i. e., the strongest. This is a fact of science which it were vain to deny, and which can not be changed by argument. Intelligent men will not enter into a hopeless contest; only the ignorant do that. Instead of making war against the laws of nature and being defeated, we should adjust ourselves and our plans to them, and thus make them our allies in the conflicts of life.

Savages struggle with each other on the physical plane. Courage, strength of muscle, and steadiness of nerve give the victory. The cunning of diplomacy is a factor in savage life, but

courage and strength are the chief elements. The law of progress is maintained under such circumstances by the development of a race of fleet and powerful athletes, fitted for the chase and for war.

In semi-civilized society, intellect becomes the force that rules; hence, with such people life is a struggle of brain, a conflict of mentality, with the selfish propensities in command. Here is a history of humanity in the past and the present. The conflict of civilization is to be conducted upon a much higher plane, and the results will be far more permanent and grand. It will be a conflict of intellect, but the moral sentiments, and not the selfish propensitics, will command the forces.

The

The selfish phase of competition, which prompts the strong to compel involuntary service from the weak, and which in the past has had its most palpable illustration in human chattel, slavery, is now chiefly manifested in individual and corporate monopoly. Strong men alone, or in combination, control the money of the country through the machinery of banks. same men, or others equally strong, control the prices of all the products of labor that require transportation, by means of a combined monopoly of railroads. Others still levy an enormous tax upon intelligence through telegraphic monopoly. Thus the masses of the people find themselves, through this new and indirect form of slavery, toiling nominally for themselves, but really to enrich beyond measure the Vanderbilts, Goulds, Belmonts, and other railway kings and money princes. The conflict which is now upon us is a conflict between the day-laborer, the tenant farmer, the landlord, the merchant, the manufacturer-all who produce or exchange wealth; and the men who control the instrument of trade, money, and the lines of transportation. Yesterday slavery and freedom were grappling in deadly conflict; to-day corporate monopoly and the rights of labor are challenging each other to battle. Slavery was recognized by the Constitution and sustained by Congress and the Executive and Judiciary. Corporate monopolies with special privileges are unconstitutional, though they do enjoy legislative sanction and protection. What the people should do, what they must do, and what they very soon will do, is to elect a Congress of the nation and legislatures of the several States which will repeal all monopoly laws, and in their stead pass laws which shall restore to the people the control of the currency and of all public highways, whether common wagon roads or railroads. Monopoly is a relic of barbarism. Abolish it by legislation, at the demand of a people who have an intelligent appreciation of their rights, and the nation leaps at once to the lofty plane of a true civilization. Foster it for a decade longer, and the last vest

1881.]

PERSONAL.—WISDOM.—MIRTH.

IN the sudden death of Dean Stanley the Christian world has sustained a severe loss. A great leader has gone, a man whose broad religious faith, generous sympathies, and pure life rendered him not only a revered teacher, but also a genuine example. He lived of the gospel as a minister, but he also illustrated it.

MR. GLADSTONE and Mr. Tennyson are said to have disputed over the size of their heads, and had them measured. Mr. Tennyson's proved the wider, the other the higher; thus the one has a phrenological reason for being a poet, and the other for his political ambition and church interest.

MRS. W. E. WILDMAN, who attended the Phrenological Institute in 1876, died at her residence in E. Farmington, O., last June. She was very active in the home and church circle, and greatly beloved by her friends.

THE REV. JOHN CUMMING, D.D., the eminent minister of the Scotch Church, and well known as a writer upon the interpretation of prophecy, died in London, July 6th.

163

No church will prosper that has not room and sympathy for the humblest of the people.

LIFE is not so short but that there is always time enough for courtesy. Self-command is the main elegance.-EMERSON.

HOPE is like the sun, which, as we journey toward it, casts the shadow of our burden behind us.-SAMUEL SMILES.

ALL of us who are worth anything spend our manhood in unlearning the follies or expiating the mistakes of our youth.-SHELLEY.

He who can not wish that the whole world may think and act like himself, has no right to call himself an honest and a free man.

WHEN real nobleness accompanies that imaginary one of birth, the imaginary seems to mix

with the real and become real too.-GREVILLE.

THE harmony and happiness of life in man or woman consists in finding in our vocations the employment of our highest faculties, and of as many of them as can be brought into action.

IF any man is able to convince me and show me that I do not act or think right, I will gladly change, for I seek the truth, by which no man was ever injured. But he is injured who abides in his error and ignorance.-M. A. ANTONINUS.

They

THERE is a sacredness in tears. They are not the mark of weakness, but of power. speak more eloquently than ten thousand tongues. They are the messengers of overwhelming grief, of deep contrition, and of un

NEW JERSEY has seven living ev-Governors-speakable love.-WASHINGTON IRVING. Messrs. Price, Newell, Parker, Ward, Randolph, Bedle, and McClellan. Only four ex-Governors of the State have died since 1842, namely, Stratton, Haines, Fort, and Olden.

GEN. BENJAMIN HARRISON, the new Senator from Indiana, is a son of President Harrison, an able lawyer and powerful orator, a man of high qualities of personal and political character.

THE Major-Generals of the army in the order of their rank are as follows: Hancock, Schofield, McDowell. The Brigadiers in like order are Pope, Howard, Ferry, Augur, Crook, Miles.

WISDOM.

"Think truly, and thy thought
Shall be a fruitful seed."

"THE horse that frets is the one that sweats." ONE day is worth three to him who does everything in order.

RETURN the civilities thou receivest, and be ever grateful for favors.-Penn.

THE greatest evidence of social demoralization is the respect paid to wealth.

WHATEVER expands the affections or enlarges the sphere of our sympathies-whatever makes us feel our relation to the universe "and all that it inherits" in time and in eternity, to the great and beneficent cause of all most unquestionably refine our nature and elevate us in the scale of being.-CHANNING.

MIRTH.

"A little nonsense now and then
Is relished by the wisest men."

"WHERE do they catch these mock turtles, waiter?" "Don' know, surr; maybe its near the sham-rock.”—Commercial Advertiser.

CURIOSITY SHOР.-"Oh, what a lovely vase ! It's antique, is it not?" No, ma'am, it's modern." "What a pity! it was so pretty."

"Is that mule tame?" asked a farmer of an American dealer in domestic quadrupeds. "He's 'tame enough in front," answered the dealer.

JONES complained of a bad smell about the post-office, and asked Brown what it could be. Brown didn't know, but suggested that it might be the dead letters.

ment of his patient if he would be wise in prescribing treatment.

Many suggestions worthy of careful observance are given in the course of the work with regard to diet, the employment of time, study, brain-labor, etc. We are in perfect agreement with him that the truly psychological and most economical method of education is that which makes the most use of all the senses, and that the system of the schools is in the main quite the reverse of what it should be, ideas being forced into the brain "through any other pathway and every other way except the doors and windows." Medical education as conducted in the colleges he particularly decries as the "leading offender." The author is encouraged by an improvement in the American physique in later years to hope for the development of a race on this side of the Atlantic, which will be great in both body and mind, and, indeed, "a higher order of humanity." So that the final outcome of our nervous excitability will be a generally ameliorated physique.

ANATOMICAL STUDIES UPON BRAINS OF
CRIMINALS. A Contribution to Anthropology,
Medicine, Jurisprudence, and Psychology. By
Moriz Benedikt, Professor at Vienna. Trans-
lated from the German by E. P. Fowler, M.D.
New York: Wm. Wood & Company.

165

Par

HISTOIRE NATURELLE DU DEVOT.
le Dr. Gaetan Delaunay. 18mo, pp. 192.
Paris: Horace Strauss, publisher.

The name of Dr. Delaunay is not unfamiliar to some of the JOURNAL readers, as he has taken special interest in anthropology, and results of his investigations have from time to time appeared in our volumes. The above entitled little treatise presents a concise review of the author's observations in one line, that of religious devotees, those specially who pursue from youth the career of the monk or the nun. Dr. Delaunay, after the manner of the scientist, has sought to make his work thorough. He presents measurements of the head and brain, and estimates of

the body and mind in a systematic manner, and the

inference which he has deemed himself warranted in deriving from them, is that the life of the religious devotee is restricted, one-sided, and abnormal. He finds that the head is generally small, that in stature he is below the average, that his arms are longer than the average. The brain averages less than 1,450 grainmes, while welldeveloped people, in secular walks of life, have heads exceeding in nearly every case that weight.

We can not accept his statement that the religious life, "considered from the point of biology," is productive of an inferior cerebral condition, because our own observations do not sustain it.

We could point out a great many leading men and women in Europe and in this country who have been distinguished scarcely less for their high devotional sentiment than for their intel

We have had occasion to mention the important services of Prof. Benedikt to craniology more than once in the pages of the PHRENOLOGICAL, and now we are pleased to inform the reader that a concise exposition of his studies in our language is easily procurable, thanks to the interest taken in them by a New York physician.lectual capabilities. The present premier of Prof. Benedikt in the outset of his book awards high credit to Dr. Gall for giving a special impulse to craniological and brain studies. Like Gall, he, though eighty years later, encountered not a little opposition from bigoted and prejudiced men in the prosecution of his chosen work among the criminals of Europe.

These unfortunate offenders against law and order, Prof. Benedikt concludes, exhibit "mainly deficiency-deficient gyrus development-and a consequent excess of fissures which are obviously fundamental defects." . . . . "Crime is in no way analogous to monomania; it results from the psychological organization as a unit, and its particular form of expression is determined by social circumstances."

England is a man in very close connection with the Established Church, and one of its warmest defenders. The present President of the United States is generally recognized as an earnest church-member. It does not follow, Dr. Delaunay, that a man of deep religious sentiment must be small-brained and weak in intellect. We presume, however, his conclusions bear upon the ascetic, monastic class of France, and have no reference to the ordinary member of a Christian church.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ROUTES AND RATES FOR 1881. Summer Tours. By the Utica and Black River R.R. This inter

Twenty-one cases, with upward of thirty-fiveesting book to the traveler on the Utica and views, showing the structure of the brain, are dcscribed. These cases are murderers and robbers whose comparatively small intellectual lobes, irregularly developed hemispheres, and in many instances peculiarly disposed cerebella, afford a most interesting series of studies to the phrenologist, and indeed should be carefully considered by all who give attention to the maintenance of order in society.

Black River Railroad, which is the only all-rail route to the Thousand Islands, supplies a deal of information for the tourist. A very considerable number of excursions are tabulated with prices, showing that a great variety of pleasant trips through the St. Lawrence country can be taken at small expense. The pamphlet is copiously illustrated by beautiful views. Central office of the company is at Utica, N. Y.