with bleeding from the lungs. He was a newspaper-carrier when he called to see me after one of his bleedings. I feared, at that time, that exposure during the winter would be very pernicious and perhaps fatal to him. Under this exercise, however, taken daily in rain and storms of all weather, and by the use of cod-liver oil (we should say, and notwithstanding he was dosed with-ED.), he wholly recovered. Those of my patients who have most frequently recovered are they who, by advice, commenced years since, and still continue, several times daily, their 'constitutional' walks around the 'Common' in Boston (about a mile). They will continue to do so while they live, because they know from experience now that not only their health, but their real comfort, depend upon a strict attention to that course. Omission of that exercise for a single day perceptibly affects them unfavorably. Two more obvious advantages arise from this course:

"1. Every muscle in the body is gently and uniformly brought into action by the swing of the legs and arms, and consequently of the trunk in a vertical direction. The undulations made by the head, chest, and abdomen in a vertical

plane are thus not only according to 'Hogarth's line of beauty,' but also in that tending to perfect health. Every internal organ is gently stimulated to more robust action. The circulation goes on more freely and uniformly.

"2. Never, in a common walk, does a person breathe twice the same air, because he is constantly changing. This fact alone is of incalculable advantage. Some writers profess that the re-breathing of air once partially used is one of the most fertile causes of consumption.

"The most favorable time for walking is undoubtedly midday in winter, and in the morning and toward evening in the summer. Late in the evening it is less useful, because of the liability to dampness and coldness, and absence of the sun's rays, which of themselves seem sometimes to put vigor into the animal frame, and their absence is correspondingly felt in a depression of the powers. Nevertheless one can not deny that there is a great energy sometimes given by a brisk walk in a cool, dry, starlight or moonlight night, when the atmosphere seems not only free from all chilling moisture, but absolutely pure and infinitely exhilarating."

I FOUND the loveliest spot on earth,
Where sweet and odorous blooms had birth;
I clapped my hands for very gladness:
Good-by," said I, "to ills and sadness,"
When lo! there sprung from out the green
A hideous imp upon the scene!

I cried, "Dread form, what is your name?"
In mocking tones, the answer came-
"Malaria!"

I fled unto the nearest town:
Here I resolved to settle down,

'Mid dirt and grime, 'mid dust and mortar-
Myself, my wife, my son, and daughter.
The people crept about like snails,
Or lagging ships bereft of sails.
"What is the matter here?" I cried,
And many a trembling voice replied—
"Malaria !"

From out the fated town we sped;
We climbed the mountains; overhead,
Where the proud eagle builds her nest,
We pitched our tent to take our rest.
One morning, Lright with eastern gold,
I woke, and cried, "I'm hot!" "I'm cold!"

"I burn!" "I freeze!" "What can it be?" The answer came from crag and tree"Malaria !"

The doctors, now, who lack the skill
To diagnose each pain and ill,

To this one thing they all agree,

No matter what their school may be :
With "Hem!" and "Haw!" and look pro-

found,

Your tongue they scan, your lungs they sound, And then exclaim, "My friend, tut! tut! Your case, I find, is nothing but

Malaria !"

I've chartered now a big balloon;

I hope to occupy it soon.

If "It" comes there to ache my bones
And waste my flesh, when 'neath the stones,
I hope my better part may soar
To some fair land, some golden shore,
Where I may never hear the cry,
That haunts me like a ghostly sigh-
"Malaria !"

-Buldwin's Monthly.

room, the intense cold of its atmosphere first impresses us, then the small heaps of snow lying around, and at last the shining mass of solid ice, made up of blocks sixteen feet high, thirty long, and over a foot thick. These iminense cakes are frozen on plates of steel, which are hollow, pipes containing the freezing agent (ammonia) running through them. The water falls in drops from the ceiling, and freezes as it falls, thus forming the immense blocks. In another freezing-room the sight was beautiful bevond description, unnumbered columns of ice, sixty feet high, on a frozen floor, while from above came splashing drops of water, falling as steadily as summer rain. These icicles surround hollow iron columns, through which the ammonia passes, and freezes the falling water that comes from the roof. The icicles in a week or two unite, and in a little longer time they form a solid block of ice two thousand tons weight. This is then cut by ice plows and saws into blocks fit for sale. The mode for making the ice is briefly this:

Aqua ammonia is placed in two boilers, which are heated by steam. Steam pipes are used for heating the Loilers, because it is necessary to keep the temperature uniform and steady. The effect of the heat is to generate ammonia gas, which passes from the boilers into a dryer, where all remaining moisture is removed. From the dryer the gas passes to a condenser, where it is subjected to a pressure sufficient to transform it into a liquid. The liquid is conveyed, still by pressure, to the column and pipes in the freezing-rooms. Released from pressure, the liquid again becomes gas, and expands to 2,300 times its former volume. The sudden expansion absorbs the heat, which is carried off with the gas to those pipes on the roof of the building, where it is mixed with water and carried back to the boilers, to go over the same process. The loss of ammonia is very small, and one charge in the boilers will last a long time.

How to have Pure, Sweet Milk. -The following rules prescribed by a large New York company, who own twenty creameries, are offered for the consideration of our friends in the milk business :

Rules-1. Never under any circumstances put a pail of milk into your can before straining. One pail of unstrained milk may spoil a whole can, and one can of impure milk will certainly injure all milk or cream with which it comes in contact. In the name of decency, we beg of every patron to be particular about milking and properly straining his milk.

2. Cans containing milk should never be kept in a milking barn during the night. The scent of the stable (however well kept) will injure the milk and spoil the nice flavor fresh butter should have. An open shed a little distance from your barn, your woodshed or your kitchen, is the only proper place for keeping milk overnight.

Suggestions-1. Insist that your milking be done in a cleanly manner. Too much pains

can not be taken in this particular. Carelessness here will entail a great loss on the manufacturer and insult the consumer.

2. Bed your cows with sawdust, if possible; it will keep your cows clean and the stable

sweet.

3. Do not, under any circumstances, leave your pails and strainer at the barn overnight. Please carry them to the house and insist that they be properly washed both morning and evening. Much depends on this.

4. Use only tin pails for milking.

5. The tin strainer pails are the best for straining milk. Some dairymen use strainer pails and also a cloth stretched over the can -thus straining the milk twice. We advise this double straining of milk. It costs you but little trouble while it will greatly add to the value of the butter and cheese made from your milk.

In all

Sunspots and Rainfall.- Mr. Mel drum, of the Royal Alfred Observatory; at Mauritius, a while since furnished a new set of computations bearing out the theory with which his name is most prominently connected, that the weather of the earth has a relation to the display of spots on the sun. He offers two tables; one based on fifty-four returns from Great Britain, forty-two from Continental Europe, and thirty-two from America; the other from one station's returns in each of the foregoing-Edinburgh, Paris, and New Bedford being selected. these returns the period embraced is from 1824 to 1867. The general correspondence of the rainfall cycle with the eleven-year sunspot period is very strikingly shown by the total averages, the first table showing that the rainfall gradually increased from the first to the seventh year, and then decreased to the tenth; the second table, that the rainfall gradually increased from the first to the sixth year, and then decreased to the tenth; both tables, that the rainfall lagged behind the sunspots about one year.

Relative Merits of Refracting AND REFLECTING TELESCOPES.-Mr. Thomas Nolan, B.S., contributes a paper to Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine, on the principles involved in the construction of the telescope, summing up thus: Ist. At the present day the largest refractor is equal in optical power to the largest reflector. It is more convenient in use, easier to manage, and better adapted to general observatory work, and it enjoys the greater permanence of optical qualities. 2d. The reflector will be the great telescope of the future if (1) specula of large diameter can be produced free from imperfections of curvature and polish; and if (2) increasing difficulties of mounting and manipulation can be overcome.. If these latter mechanical difficulties can not be entirely removed, the refractor will continue to be the "working instrument" of the future, as it has been in the past, although the future reflector may accomplish the grandest results in the domain of physical astronomy.

1881.]

New Archaic Discoveries.-Several pyramids have just been opened in Sak- | kara, Egypt, inclosing the tombs of kings of the fifth dynasty. The mortuary chapel of each contains about eighty square metres of the smallest and most closely written texts giving precise details of the religious belief of that age. Except the finding of the Rosetta stone in 1799 scarcely any discovery in Egypt equals this in scientific value. All the Sakkara pyramids, about sixty in number, will be opened as soon as possible and new discoveries of value will probably be made.

Industrial Progress in our day is well illustrated by the new invention of straw lumber, which can be made to rival lumber of the better class, as there is no necessity of knots and shakes in the artificial material. It is manufactured into any desired length from twelve feet upward and as much as thirty-two inches in width, while the cost will compete with finishing grades of pine. The samples made by S. M. Hamilton, of Kansas, hold a nail as firmly as wood, is susceptible of high finish and can be polished to any extent desirable. It is waterproof and therefore must be durable as pine or oak, while it is as well adapted for roofing purposes as for fine interior work. It can be worked by the ordinary tools of the carpenter, and once fitted to its place, it will not be apt to shrink or swell. Samples resemble hard wood, are about as dark as oak, but more dense in texture, with a specific gravity of onefifth more than thoroughly seasoned blackwalnut. For finishing it will not be required to be as thick as ordinary lumber, as its tensile strength is about double that of wood. Paper in various forms and terra-cotta are being introduced as substitutes for wood in building, so that the days of that element for general use seem rapidly passing away:

Explorations in the South POLAR REGION.-While the energy of modern explorers has greatly extended our knowledge of the geography of the North Polar regions, comparatively little has been done in the exploration of the corresponding portions of the southern hemisphere. Lieutenant Wilkes, at the head of an American expedition, believed that he had established the existence of an Antarctic continent, and this discovery was verified a year later by Sir James Ross, who found the extensive Victoria Land with mountains 14,000 feet high, and an active volcano. Beyond these discoveries, nothing is positively known of these extensive regions of the earth. It is now proposed by the Italian Geographical Society to send out an Antarctic exploring expedition under the command of Lieutenant Beve, an Italian officer, who accompanied Professor Nordenskjold in his recent Polar voyage. The expedition of Lieutenant Beve, it is given out, will be fitted out for a prolonged voyage, and it is announced to be the intention of the voyagers to winter in the Antarctic region, for the purpose of making a thorough study of its character.

45

Simp'e Method to Toughen GLASS.-The following recipe for keeping lamp chimneys from cracking is taken from the Diamond, a Leipzig journal devoted to the glass interest: Place your tumblers, chimneys, or vessels, which you desire to keep from cracking, in a pot fi led with cold water, add a little cooking salt, allow the mixture to boil well over a fire, and then cool slowly. Glass treated in this way is said not to crack even if exposed to very sudden changes of temperature. Chimneys are said to become very durable by this process, which may also be extended to crockery, stoneware, porcelain, etc. The process is simply one of annealing, and the slower the process, especially the cooling portion of it, the more effective will be the work.

Cleaning Mica.-The coal fire went out the other day, and in lighting it the wood necessarily had a bad effect on the mica, Our amateur smoking it to a deep brown. housemaid did not like the appearance, and domestic economy forbade us to throw it away. So she took out the pieces, one at a time, soaked them in vinegar and water, rubbed them gently with a piece of soft flannel, and replaced them almost as good as new. For stoves where much mica is used, this should be worth remembering.-ANNIE L. JACK.

Mr. Edward Cowles, of the Cleveland (Ohio) Leader, is said to be the victim of a He says it singular infirmity of hearing. partakes somewhat of the nature of colorblindness as that affects the eye, he being unable to hear certain sounds at all. For example, he has never heard the sound of a bird's song in his life. A whole roomful of canaries might be in full song and yet he could not hear a note, but the rustling of their wings would be distinctly heard by him. He can hear all the vowels, but there are many consonant sounds which he has never heard. He can hear a man whisper, but could not hear him whistle. The upper notes of a piano, violin, or other musical instrument he never hears, but the lowest notes he hears without difficulty.

Alcoholism as a Cause of Crime AND EPILEPSY.-In a recent number of Brain, Dr. Clarke has published some statistics, which lead him to the conclusion that "alcoholism of parents is a predisposing cause of crime and epilepsy in their children." Fortyfour per cent. of the epileptic criminals were the children of drunken parents. The proportion of epileptic and insane relatives is found to be very much greater with criminals than with ordinary epileptics. The convictions for bastardy are three times as numerous among epileptics as among non-epileptics. The statistics show that the amount of crime, as indicated by the number of convictions, is greater among epileptics than among ordinary criminals.