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UTICA is a commercial village of Whitestown on the Mohawk, 100 miles westward of Albany. All these are very thrifty towns. Roads. The number of incorporated turnpike companies is 135. Their stock amounts to $7,558,000; and their roads, when completed, will extend 4500 miles, about one third of which is already made.

Bridges. There are 36 bridge companies in the state, with stock amounting to $509,000.

Manufactures. In 1810 there were in this state, as reported to the secretary of state, 33,068 looms, which manufactured 3,257,192 yards of woollen cloth, 5,399,836 of linen, 162,563, of mixed, and 216,199 of cotton; there were also 867 tan works, 591 distilleries, 42 breweries, 124 hat factories, 427 fulling mills, and 413 oarding machines.

The number of paper mills in the state was then 28; of glass works 6; of powder mills 2; of rope walks 18; of sugar houses 10; of oil mills 28; of blast furnaces 11; of air furnaces 10; of cut nail manufactories 44; of forges 48; of trip hammers 49; of rolling and slitting mills 1; and of cotton manufactories 26. The following is the value of the various manufactures:

Cloth Leather

$5,682,828-62 Cordage
1,299,542.16 Refined sugar
Oil

Distilled liquors 1,685,794.40

538,000.00 420,706 00 49,283.75 276,932-80

Malt liquors

Paper

Hats

Glass

Powder

340,765-68 Cut nails

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The quantity of salt, made in that year, was 525,000 bushels. Silk, to the amount of 2240 skeins, was made at Cayuga. The article of flour probably exceeded in value either of those in the table; the quantity of pot and pearl ashes and maple sugar is also very great; but we have seen no returns of the quantity or value of either of the three.

Commerce. The amount of exports from this state was, in the year 1807, $26,357,963 and in 1810, $17,242,230. Of these last, $10,928,573 were of domestic produce, and $6,313,757 of foreign. The shipping belonging to the state, in 1810, was 276.560 tons, beside that on lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain. Wheat is the staple of the state. The other great articles exported are Indian corn and meal, lumber, iron, pot and pearl ashes, and naval stores, fish, and refined sugar; beside the productions of the south and of foreign countries. Probably more than one third of the domestic exports of this state is derived from New-England and New-Jersey.

Climate and Seasons. This state stretches through more than 4 degrees of latitude. There is a considerable diversity in the temperature of the two extremes. The greatest range of the thermometer is from 24° below, to 95° above the cypher of Fahrenheit.

Face of the Country. That part of the state which lies between the Hudson and Chenango may be characterized as mountainous, and the direction of the ranges is from S. W. to N. E. A narrow

tract on and near the Pennsylvania line is generally hilly. The country between that and lake Ontario is an extensive level, without a hill in the whole extent deserving the name of a mountain. The country around lake Ontario, on the S. and E. has a very singular surface. Lake Erie is more than 300 feet above lake Ontario. The country around it is of course much higher. This high tract is a level and reaches eastward a great distance. The descent from it towards Ontario is not irregular and imperceptible; but is made by three successive pitches, or steeps, with a wide interval of level land between them.

The country in the northeastern part of the state is generally hilly; and the height of land, between Champlain and the St. Lawrence, is a range of mountains of considerable height. A strip of land about 30 miles wide along the St. Lawrence is uneven. that distance it becomes rough and broken.

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Soil and Agriculture. The whole tract of country between the Susquehannah and the Genesee is very fertile. This is particularly true of Seneca county, which lies between Seneca and Cayuga lakes, of the valley of the Chenango, and of the Genesee flats. These last include a strip of about 60,000 acres, lying on both sides of the river, in some places nearly two miles wide. These flats produce 100 bushels of maize to the acre, and are probably as rich as land can be. West of the Genesee the soil is less uniformly good. Dutchess and West-Chester are excellent land, and in high cultivation. The country along the Mohawk, west of the Oneida village, is very rich. The extensive flats of Herkimer have been cultivated a long period, and have lost none of their fertility. In the counties southeast of the Chenango, the hills are covered with Eine timber, and when cleared make excellent pasture; and the intervening vallies produce grass and every kind of grain in abun dance. The country north of the Mohawk is also generally fertile. The basis of the soil within 20 miles of the St. Lawrence is a stiff clay, on the high grounds covered with loam, and in the low grounds appearing on the surface. The lands along the Black river are among the best in the state.

Wheat is more extensively raised in this state, than all other grains. The next after it, is maize. This and peas are exported in large quantities. Rye is chiefly raised for the distilleries, and barley for the breweries. Dutchess county is one of the oldest, and is under the best cultivation. In the new settled parts of the state the farmers have such an abundance of excellent land that they pay little attention to improvements in agriculture.

The returns lately made to the secretary of state were incomplete respecting the agricultural concerns of New-York. The number of sheep returned for Dutchess was 83,855, for Albany 34,342, for Jefferson 20,000, for Cayuga 49,872, and for Onondaga 44,893 in all 232,962 in a population of 157,135. The same proportion for the whole state, exclusive of the city, would make the whole number of sheep upwards of 1,280,000. The number of horses returned for Dutchess was 14,341, or nearly 1 to 34 individuals; and of neat cattle to 51,650, or more than 1 to an individual.

A similar calculation gives the whole number of the first 247,000, and of the last 886,000.

Rivers. Niagara river and the St. Lawrence are both on the frontiers. The Hudson, which runs wholly in this state, has already been described. The Allegany, Susquehannah, Delaware, Passaic, and Hackensac, all find their sources here.

The Mohawk rises N. of Fort Stanwix or Rome, 8 miles from Black river, and running S. 20 miles to the site of the old fort, there turns eastward. Its course is thence E. by S. 130 miles, to the Hudson, into which it empties opposite Lansinburg, 169 miles above New-York. Its chief tributaries from the N. are Great and Little Canada creeks. On the S. the Scoharie joins the Mohawk at Fort Hunter. Its waters have scooped out a wide and deep ravine for more than 80 miles.

The Genessee rises in Pennsylvania, and pursues a northwesterly course of about 50 miles, and then a northeasterly one of 70, to lake Qntario.

Oswego river rises about 20 miles N. of Rome, where it is called Wood creek. At Three river point, it receives the Seneca, or the western branch, and takes the name of the Oswego. Its course hence is N. W. 45 miles, to lake Ontario.

Black river heads near the sources of Great Canada creek, and, after a course of 107 miles, empties into Hungry bay, 20 miles S. of the outlet of lake Ontario.

Racket river rises near the Hudson, and runs 12 miles to the St. Lawrence.

Grass river runs about 90 miles, emptying a little W. of Racket river.

The Oswegatchie pursues a crooked course of 80 or 90 miles to the St. Lawrence.

Lakes. Eric, Ontario, and Champlain each form a part of the boundary of New-York.

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Lake George lies S. W. of lake Champlain, and is 37 miles long, and from 1 to 7 broad. On each side it is skirted by lofty mountains. Its banks, however, are uncommonly regular and handsome; and its water is so transparent, that the bottom is visible at almost any depth. It embosoms more than 200 beautiful islands, most of which are covered with white pine, cedar, spruce, and hemlock trees. It falls into lake Champlain by a channel 3 miles in length, in the course of which its waters fall upwards of 100. feet. Scaroon lake, in Montgomery county, is one of the sources of the Hudson, and is 12 miles long and 1 broad.

Oneida lake is 20 miles long and 5 broad. It abounds in the salmon of the lakes. From the south it receives the waters of Cazenovia lake, through the Chittenango.

Onondago, or Salt lake, is 6 miles long and 1 broad, and, at the N. end, flows through a short channel into Seneca river.

Skeneateles lake is 14 miles long, and 1 broad. Its waters flow into Seneca river, where it enters Cross lake. Owosco lake is 11 miles long and 1 broad, and is discharged into the same river.

Cayuga lake is 40 miles long, and from 2 to 4 broad, abounding with salmon, bass, eels, and cat fish.

Seneca lake is 40 miles long, and from 2 to 3 wide. Its outlet, the Scayace, runs N. of E. 12 miles, and falls into Cayuga lake near its mouth. Its length, from that lake to Mud creek, is about four. Crooked lake is 15 miles long and from 1 to 2 wide. A short stream connects it with the Seneca.

Canandagua lake is 15 miles long and nearly 2 broad. Mud lake, Honeyoy, Hemlock, and Canesus lakes are from 5 to 7 miles long.

Chataughque lake lies 9 miles from lake Erie. It is 18 miles long and 3 broad. Its waters flow through Connewango creek into the Allegany. Boats go from the head of this lake to New-Orleans, a distance of 2430 miles.

Otsego and Caniaderago lakes are the two sources of the Susquehannah. The first is 9 miles long and 1 wide. The other is nearly as large.

Oswegatchie lake is 18 miles long, and nearly parallel with the St. Lawrence.

Bays. New-York bay is 9 miles long and 4 broad, and spreads to the southward of Manhattan island; having Long island on the E. and New-Jersey and Staten island on the W. On the N. it opens into the Hudson; on the N. E. through East river, into the Sound; on the W. between Staten island and Bergen neck into Newark bay; and on the S. between Staten and Long islands, through the Narrows, into Amboy bay and the Atlantic.

South bay is an arm of lake Champlain, at its southwestern ex, tremity. Wood creek flows into the strait which joins it with the lake.

Hungry bay is an arm of the Ontario, 20 miles S. of the St. Law

rence.

Mountains. The Catskill mountains are the highest land in the state. They lie within 2 miles of the Hudson, are estimated to exceed 4000 feet in height, and are said to be the N. E. termination of the Allegany ridge. Roundtop mountain, near Catskill (measured by Lieut. Partridge) is 3566 feet above the level of the sea, and High Peak, in the same vicinity, is 3486 feet. A part of Taghconnuc mountain is in Columbia county. The highlands front upon the Hudson for 18 miles, and are between 40 and 60 N. of New-York. They are the N. E. termination of the Blue ridge.

Minerals. Iron ore is spread over the state. Lead is found in Herkimer county, and silver at Philipsburg. Mines of zinc and copper have been discovered. Slate and plaster of Paris are abundant. Coal, sulphur, marble and ising glass have also been found.

Mineral Waters. Ballstown springs, 30 miles N. of Albany, are in the bottom of a bason of about 50 acres in extent. The soil, for 6 miles around, is poor and sandy. The waters are strongly impregnated with iron, soda, common salt, and carbonic acid. Their temperature in summer is 49° of Fahrenheit. They are deemed a specific in loss of appetite and indigestion, and are highly serviceable in hypochondriac and bilious cases, in obstructions

and cutaneous disorders, and in the stone and gravel. They are hurtful in inflammatory disorders and consumptions.

Saratoga springs are 10 miles northeast from Ballstown. The ingredients are the same in both springs, but are strongest in those of Saratoga.

New-Lebanon spring is in the township of Canaan, 29 miles S. W. from Albany.

Islands. Long island is separated from Connecticut and the county of Westchester, by the sound; from York island by the East river; and from Staten island by the Narrows. It is 140 miles long, and from 1 to 15 broad. When first discovered, Wayandance, the principal sachem in Suffolk county, lived at Montauk. The population of the island, in 1790, was 41,782; in 1800, 42,097; and in 1810, 48,752. It is divided into 3 counties, King's, Queen's, and Suffolk.

King's, at the west end of the island, is 10 miles long, and 8 broad, contains 6 townships, and is inhabited chiefly by Dutch. Its largest town is Brooklyn.

Queen's lies cast of King's, is 30 miles long, and 12 broad, contains 6 townships, and is inhabited partly by Dutch and partly by English. Hempstead, the most populous township, contains 5804 inhabitants. Suffolk is 100 miles long, and 10 broad, and comprehends two thirds of the island. It contains 9 townships, and is inhabited almost wholly by English. It was first settled by emigrants from Lynn, in Massachusetts. A ridge of hills extends, on the north side of the island, from Jamaica to Southhold. The south side is chiefly flat land, naturally covered with yellow pines. King's county, and the western part of Queen's, have been rendered fertile and productive by husbandry. The greater part of Suffolk has a poor, thin soil, and much of it is not worth cultivating. The north side is the best. Hempstead plain, in the eastern part of Queen's, is 16 miles long from east to west, and 8 broad. It is a perfect level, covered with nothing but a wild, rank grass, except in three or four places, in which are found a few trees of stinted growth (these places are called Islands.) South of the plain, lies another, 2 miles wide, called the Shrub-oak plain, from its be ing every where covered with shrivelled shrub-oaks, none of which are above 4 feet high, and many of them probably 100 years old. An extensive shrub-oak plain also lies on the eastern border of Hempstead plain, but is in Suffolk county.

The eastern end of the island opens like a shark's mouth. The southern promontory, in the township of Easthampton, is 20 miles long and rarely more than 1 wide. The extremity is a cape, well known to mariners, called Montauk point; on which a light-house is erected. The northern promontory is chiefly in the township of Southhold, and is 12 miles long, and every where narrow. Its cape is called Oyster-pond point.

The principal rivers are Peconic river, which empties into Great bay, Connecticut river which empties on the S. side of the island. Roconkama pond, near the centre of the island, between Smithtown and Islip, is observed to rise and fall every 7 years. Manhattan island has already been described.

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