public worship, viz. two for Presbyterians, one for Friends, one for Episcopalians, one for Methodists, and one for Baptists.

DOVER, in the county of Kent, is the seat of government. It stands a few miles from Delaware river, and consists of about 100 houses, principally of brick..

NEWCASTLE is 33 miles below Philadelphia, and agreeably situated on the west bank of Delaware river. It contains about 100 good houses, and was formerly the seat of government. This is the first town that was settled on Delaware river. It carries on a brisk trade with Philadelphia and Baltimore.

The other towns of importance are Milford, Duck Creek Cross Roads, Port Penn, Newport, Christiana bridge, Lewistown, and Georgetown.*

Canal. The Delaware and Chesapeak canal is to pass between Elk river and Christiana creek. It has already been described. Another canal is to be opened between Levites creek and Rehoboth bay.

Manufactures. Almost the whole of the foreign exports of Delaware are from Wilmington: the trade from this state to Philadelphia is great, being the principal source whence that city draws its staple commodity. No less than 150,000 barrels of flour, 300,000 bushels of wheat, 170,000 bushels of Indian corn, besides barley, oats, flax-seed, paper, slit iron, snuff, salted provisions, &c. &c. to a very considerable amount, are annually sent from the waters of the Delaware state; of which the Christiana is by far the most productive, and probably many times as much so as any other creek or river of like magnitude in the union-245,000 barrels of flour, and other articles to the amount of 80,000 dollars more, being from this creek; of which, to the value of 550,000 dollars, are manufactured on its northern bank, within two or three miles of the navigation.

Commerce. The exports from Delaware, in 1804, amounted to $697,396; and, in 1810, to $120,342. Flour is the capital article. Lumber is also exported in large quantities, and is procured chiefly from the Cypress swamp.

Face of the Country. The northern half of the county of Newcastle is hilly. The rest of the state is generally level and low. Large tracts of land in the spring and early in the summer are overspread with stagnant water, which renders them unhealthy, and unfit for agriculture. The spine, or height of land, in the peninsula between the two bays, is in this state. In the south it commences in the Cypress swamp, and preserves a general parallelism with the west coast of Delaware bay, at the distance of about 15 miles from it. In the upper county it is on the border of Maryland. Its progress is marked by a chain of swamps, in the two lower counties and a part of Newcastle, from which the waters descend on each side to the Delaware and Chesapeak. The height of this ridge between Elk river and Christiana creek is 74 feet. Soil and Agriculture. Delaware is chiefly an agricultural state.

For an account of these, see Amer, Gaz.

The general aspect of the country is very favorable for cultiva tion. In the county of Newcastic, the soil consists of a strong clay; in Kent, there is a considerable mixture of sand; and in Sussex. the quantity of sand altogether predominates. Wheat is the staple of this state. It grows here in such perfection as not only to be particularly sought by the manufacturers of flour throughout the union, but also to be distinguished and preferred, for its superior qualities, in foreign markets.

The county of Sussex, besides producing a considerable quantity of grain, particularly of Indian corn, possesses excellent grazing lands. This county also exports very large quantities of lumber, obtained chiefly from an extensive swamp, called the Indian river, or Cypress swamp.

Rrvers. The Delaware, is, for a small distance, the castern boundary.

Brandywine creek rises in Chester county, Pennsylvania, and, running E. of S. 45 miles, falls into the Delaware, 2 miles below Wilmington. Christiana creek rises on the confines of Maryland, and pursues an easterly course of 25 miles to the Brandywine, falling in about a mile from the Delaware. It is navigable for boats to Christiana bridge, 13 miles. Duck creek is the frontier of Newcastle and Kent. The names of the other streams are Jones's creek, Motherkill, Mispillion creek, Broadkill, and Indian river. This last receives the waters of the Cypress swamp.

The Nanticoke runs a part of its course in Delaware.

Bays. Delaware bay is half in this state and half in New-Jer sey. Rehoboth bay, south of cape Henlopen, is separated by a narrow bar from the ocean.

Swamps. More than half of Cypress swamp lies in Delaware. It is 12 miles long, from N. to S and 6 wide, containing nearly 50,000 acres. It is a high and level bason, extremely wet, though on the ridge between the Chesapeak and the Atlantic. It contains a very great variety of plants, trees, wild beasts, birds, and reptiles. The succession of swamps farther north has been mentioned.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Extent. THE shape of Pennsylvania is more regular than that of any state in the union, except Connecticut. Its northern and southern lines are chiefly in two parallels, and its western is a meriian line. The greatest length is 307 miles from E. to W. The greatest breadth is 180, and the common breadth between the two parallels, 160. It lies between lat. 39 42 and 42 17 N. and between jon. 74 32 and 80 27 W. The state contains about 46,800 square miles.

Boundaries. Bounded on the N. by lake Erie and New York; on the E. by a small part of New-York, and Delaware river, which separates it from New-York and New-Jersey; on the S. by the states of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; and on the W. by

Virginia and Ohio. On the western line Ohio extends 90 miles, and Virginia 68; on the southern, Virginia 54, and Maryland 196 miles.

Divisions. This state is divided into 43 counties and 644 towns

Name. The name of this state is merely that of the original proprietor, Penn, and a common termination, derived from sylva, á wood or forest, annexed. It was given to the territory in 1681.

History. In consequence of the recommendation of Gustavus Adolphus, a colony of Swedes and Finns, in 1627, came over to America. They landed at cape Henlopen, and bought the lands of the natives from that cape to the falls of the Delaware, which they called New-Swedeland Stream. Of these lands they accordingly took possession. In 1630, they built a fort at Lewistown, near cape Henlopen; and, the next year, another at Christiana. They formed various settlements along the west bank of the Delaware, as high as Trenton, and in the interior towards the Susquehannah; and instituted a regular government, founded on wise and correct principles. This small colony was in a thriving state until the dispute with the Dutch, who were already established in New-York, and set up a prior claim to the Delaware. Unsupported by a distant mother country, then involved in war with five principal powers of Europe, it was conquered in the year 1654, and afterwards became, with the other Dutch possessions in North-America, part of the British dominions.

In March, 1681, Charles II. granted a charter to William Penn, the son of admiral sir William Penn, of all the territory between Delaware river and bay, and lord Baltimore's province of Maryland. In July of the same year, Penn disposed of 20,000 acres for 4001. to a company consisting chiefly of Friends a colony of whom came over towards the close of the year, and commenced a settlement above the confluence of the Schuylkill with the Delaware. Penn, the next year, published a frame of government, and a body of laws, agreed on between him and the purchasers; and obtained of the duke of York his deed of release for the territory, and two deeds conveying to him a tract of land at first called The Territories of Pennsylvania; afterwards The Three Lower Counties on Delaware. Penn himself arrived in October, and called an assembly of the province at Upland, (Chester) in December, by which the three lower counties were annexed to the province. He now purchased of the natives as much of the soil as the colony needed. In 1683 he granted the freemen a new charter, and the assembly was first held at Philadelphia, which he had planned the preceding year. Ten years afterwards the king and queen assumed the government into their own hands, and appointed a common governor for this province and New-York.

In 1694 Penn was reinstated in the government, and he appointed a lieutenant governor of the province. Two years after, the assembly of the province prepared a new frame of government, which was approved of by the governor, who granted a new char

ter.

In 1700, the assembly surrendered this charter, and Penn the next year prepared his last charter, which was accepted by a majority of the assembly, but rejected by the representatives of the Territories; in consequence of which it was agreed (in 1703) that the representatives of the province and those of the territories

should compose two distinct assemblies entirely independent of each other.

In 1742, the deputies of the Six Nations relinquished a very large tract on the Susquehannah to the state.

In 1758, gen. Forbes marched with a company from Philadelphia, and reduced fort Du Quesne, which was called Pittsburg.

In the early part of the revolution the legislature of this state offered the proprietors 130,000l. in lieu of all quit rents, which was accepted by them.

In Sept. 1777, this state was made the theatre of war. The battle of Brandywine was fought on the 11th of that month, in which the Americans were defeated; and Philadelphia was taken by sir William Howe on the 27th. The battle of Germantown, unfortunate to the Americans, was fought on the 4th of October. In November the British took fort Mifflin and Mercer. In June, 1778, the British evacuated Philadelphia and marched into New-Jersey. The Pennsylvania line, with part of the New-Jersey troops, in January, 1781, revolted, complaining of a want of pay and of suitable clothing; the complaints were redressed, and subordination was restored.

In 1795, and 1797, the city of Philadelphia was visited with the yellow fever. In the latter year 1276 persons died.

An insurrection took place, 1794, in the 4 western counties, to resist the laws of the union, laying a duty on distilled spirits. On the approach of a respectable force, in October, the insurgents laid down their arms, and were pardoned.

In 1799, the seat of the state government was removed from Philadelphia to Lancaster; and, in 1800, the seat of the federal government was removed from Philadelphia to Washington.

Religion. In Pennsylvania were the following denominations of Christians, with the number of their respective congregations, taken from the minutes of the proceedings of each society, about 10 years since, viz. Presbyterians 86 congregations; German Calvinists 84; German Lutherans 84; Friends or Quakers 54; Episcopalians 26; Baptists 15; Roman Catholics 11; Scotch Presbyterians 8; Moravians 8; Free Quakers 1; Universalists 1; Covenanters 1; Methodists several, besides a Jewish synagogue: In all about 400 religious societies. The present number exceeds

600.

Government. The constitution of the state was established Sept. 2, 1790. It vests the legislative power in a senate and house of representatives. The number of senators cannot be less than one fourth, nor greater than one third, of the number of representatives. They hold their offices 4 years, and one fourth of them are elected each year. They are chosen by districts. The qualifications for the senate, are the age of 25 years, and 4 years residence immediately preceding the election. The number of representatives cannot be less than 60, nor more than 100. They are chosen annually by the city of Philadelphia, and the respective counties. The qualifications for a representative are the age of majority, and I year's residence immediately preceding the election. The legis