aré mulattoes. But few slaves are procured here. The English engtoss the whole commerce. Guinea pepper is the chief export

The remainder of the coast, between the Mesurada and cape Bojador, the S. W. extremity of Morocco, may be considered under two grand divisions, SOUDAN on the S. and SAHARA on the N. Soudan, as we are informed by Jackson, is the name given by the Moors to the immense tract lying between the Jibbel Kumra, or mountains of the Moon, on the S. and the Desert on the N.

SOUDAN. Park explored the western part of this extensive tract, descending the Niger, as far as Sillas, a village of Bambarra, in about lat. 15° N. and lon. 1 30 W. He found it throughout fertile, well watered, thickly peopled, and divided into numerous kingdoms. Jackson, from information obtained of the Moorish traders to Tombuctoo, tells us that the Niger runs eastward to the Nile, and that the country through which it flows, continues of the same description. Horneman communicates the same information.

The Senegal, the Gambia, the Grande, and the Mesurada, are the great rivers of the western coast; and the Niger of the interior. The Senegal is formed by two branches, and empties into the ocean about lat. 16° N. Its whole length must exceed 1000 miles.

The Gambia runs N. W. and W. about 700 miles, emptying in about lat. 13, 30 N. Cape Verd is about equidistant between the two rivers.

Of the inhabitants of this tract we may remark generally, that they are of two great classes, Negroes and Moors. The negroes are the most numerous. Their kingdoms occupy the whole of the coast, and the southern division of the interior. They are all of a much lighter color than the negroes of Guinea. Park supposes that at least two thirds of the population of the negro di-ision are slaves. Great numbers of the negroes are Mahometans; the rest are pagans. The Moorish kingdoms occupy the northern division, but great numbers of the Moors are scattered over the negro kingdoms. The Moors are all zealous Mahometans.

SOUTHERN FOULAHS. These occupy a great extent of country between the Mesurada, the Rio Grande, and the mountains of the Moon. Their capital is Teembo. It is said they can bring 16,000 cavalry into the field. Many of them are Mahometans.

SIERRA LEONE, where the English have a colony, and an important mission, under the direction of the African institution, is near the middle of the country of the Southern Foulahs.

The Sierra Leone river, which gives name to this country, empties in lon. 12 30 W. lat. 8 15 N. by a mouth 9 miles wide. In 1791 an act of parliament was obtained, incorporating a company, called the Sierra Leone Company, for the purpose of cultivating West-India and other tropical productions, on the banks of this river. The first settlers amounted to 460. The second embarkation in 1792, consisted of 1200 free blacks from Nova-Scotia. Missionaries are settled, who labor to spread the gospel among the

neighboring tribes. Schools are established. healthy, and the colony thriving.

The country is

SHERBRO is another English colony, 100 miles S. E. of Sierra Leone.

FELOOPS. The Feloops are a wild, fierce, but grateful race, near the coast S. of the Gambia. They speak a peculiar language.

Governor Ludlam gives the following account of the bandful effects of the slave trade, witnessed by himself, in the country on the .banks of the river Sherbro, 100 miles S. of Sierra Leone: "Thus has this fertile country been rendered a desert, and its trade, once extensive, been almost annihilated. Some thousands of square miles are now without an inhabitant. In this extent is included the richest land on the Windward coast. No place equalled Boom in fertility. Finer sugar-cane is not found in the West-Indies, than grows wild in Bagroo. And as for the interior country behind the Sherbro, it must also be rich from the quantity of rice, and cotton cloth brought thence.""

MANDINGOES.

These are now far the most numerous nation in the W. of Soudan. They commence on the coast at the mouth of the Gambia, bordering S. on the Feloops, Barra, Yani, and Woolli, three kingdoms on both sides of the Gambia from its mouth eastward. The Mandingoes also constitute the chief population of western Bambarra.

The men are well shaped, above the middle size, strong and capable of enduring labor. The women are good natured, sprightly, and agreeable. Polygamy is universal, and each wife has her own but. All the huts of one family are enclosed by a hedge fence. Agriculture and pasturage are the favorite employments of the Mandingoes. These occupy them through the rainy season. In the dry season they catch fish in wicker baskets, or small cotton nets, and hunt birds and beasts. The women, at the same time, manufacture cotton cloth, coarse, but durable. One woman will make 8 or 9 garments a year. They die it a rich and permanent blue color. Tanners and blacksmiths are the only mechanics by profession.

Park describes the Mandingoes as gentle, cheerful inquisitive, credulous, simple and fond of flattery. They are prone to steal from strangers; but are at the same time hospitable and kind. A lively natural affection subsists between the mothers and their children. The practice of truth is strongly inculcated in childhood. Circumcision is universal, and takes place at the age of puberty. The value of two slaves is the common price of a wife. The Pagan negroes always offer a short prayer to God, at the appearance of the new moon, and this is their only worship. The belief of one God, and of a future state of rewards and punishments, is universal. They rarely survive 55 or 60, and are grey and wrinkled at 40.

BARRA is the kingdom at the mouth of the Gambia on both sides, reaching up about 180 miles. The necessarics of life are abundant. Jillifrey, is a town on the N. bank of the river.

• Report 2d of the Committee of the African Institution, p. 15.

YANI lies E. of Barra, reaching about 100 miles up, on both sides of the Gambia, Pisania is a well known English fort in this kingdom, on the N. bank.

WOOLI, E. of Yani, reaching about as far along the Gambia, has Foota Torra N. and Bondou N. E. Medina, the capital, contains about 1000 houses.

KAARTA is a kingdom of considerable extent; having Bambarra on the E.

FOOTA JALLO. This is an extensive kingdom of the southern Foulahs, lying W. of Jallonkadoo, reaches S. to the Mountains of the Moon, and is divided into several petty kingdoms. Their language has some affinity to the Mandingo.

KONG is probably the most extensive and powerful kingdom of western Soudan. It has Bambarra on the N.; and reaches eastward a great distance along the Mountains of the Moon.

BAMBARRA, in the S. W. commences on the Niger, at Bammakoo, and reaches down that river, on both banks about 400 miles. It is from 200 to 250 miles wide.

SEGO, the capital of the kingdom, is on Park's map, in lat. 14 15 N. and in lon. 2 30 W.; on both sides of the Niger. It consists, properly speaking, of 4 towns: all surrounded with high mud walls; the streets are sufficiently broad; the houses are built of clay, of a square form, with flat roofs; some of them have two stories, and many are whitewashed. Moorish mosques are seen in every quarter. The town contains about 30,000 inhabitants. The surrounding country is in a high state of cultivation.

JENNE belongs to the king of Bambarra. It stands on an island in the Niger, half way from Manzon to lake Debbe. It is larger than Sego.

JINBALA occupies the large island in the Niger, below lake Debbe. On Park's map, it is 100 miles long, and 50 broad. Tombuctoo lies N. and N. E.; Gotto S. and S. E. The soil is remarkably fertile; and the whole country so full of creeks and swamps, that the Moors have been baffled in every attempt to subdue it. The inhabitants are negroes and live in considerable affluence.

GOTTO. This is a powerful negro kingdom, bounding N. on Jinbala and Tombuctoo, from both of which, it is separated by the Niger. Moossedoo is the capital.

BAEDOO, lics S. W. of Gotto.

MANIANA, lies S. W. of Baedoo, and bounds on Bambarra. The inhabitants are cruel and ferocious, and are said to be cannibals. FOULAHS. This is, next to the Mandingoes, the most extensive negro race in the W. of Soudan. Their complexion is tawney, and they have small pleasing features, and soft silky hair. The great body of them are Mahometans, and the Koran is both their statue book and Bible. They are reserved and not distinguished for their hospitality, but not intolerant. Schools are kept by the Mahometan priests in all their villages. The children are taught to read the Koran, and discover great docility and submission. Most of the Foulahs speak Arabic; but they have a language of their own, abounding in liquids, though unpleasant in its enuncia

tion. Most of them are engaged in agriculture and pasturage. They are commendably industrious, and discover great skill in the management of their cattle. They possess some excellent horses.

BONDOU lies W. of Bambouk, and has Wooli on the S. W. The soil is not surpassed in fertility. The inhabitants are wealthy and industrious. They sell large quantities of salt to the inhabitants of the interior, and the great body of the slaves from the E. pass through Bondou. Fatteconda, the capital, is a considerable town about 15 miles E. of the Faleme. The king's troops are well supplied with fire arms and ammunition.

JALOFFS. The Jaloffs are an active, powerful, and warlike race, inhabiting an extensive tract of country, between the Foulahs of the Senegal N. Foota Torra E. the Mandingo states on the the Gambia S. and the coast W. They are of a jet black. They are divided into several independent kingdoms. In their government, superstitions, and manners, they resemble the Mandingoes; but excel them in the manufacture of cotton cloth, spinning the wool to a finer thread, weaving it in a broader loom, and dying it of a better color.

SERAWOOLIES. These occupy only one independent kingdom, that of Kajaaga; but many of them are dispersed as merchants, brokers, and slave-drivers, over the whole country, particularly near the coast. They are habitually a trading people, but always look upon Kajaaga, as their country. They trade with the British factories on the Gambia, are tolerably fair and honest, indefatigable in the pursuit of wealth, and derive considerable profit from the sale of salt and cottons in distant countries.

Kajaaga has Bondou on the S. W. and Bambouk on the S. E. The king is absolute and powerful. The climate is peculiarly healthy, and the soil fertile. Maana is the capital. Joag is a frontier town of 2000 inhabitants, on the Senegal.

MOORS. The Moors possess a number of kingdoms between the desert on the N. and the negro kingdoms on the S. The Senegal divides them from the negroes, as far up as about opposite to Joag. Thence eastward, they bound S. on Kasson, Kaarta, Bambarra, Masina, and Jinbala.

They are divided into numerous tribes, or kingdoms. There is reason to believe, says Park, that their dominion stretches from W. to E. across the continent, in a narrow belt, from the mouth of the Senegal to Abyssinia.

Their complexion resembles that of the mulattoes of the West Indies; but their features bespeak low cunning and cruelty, and their eyes have a staring wildness. Their houses are built of clay and stone. Many of them live in tents, and roam from place to place. The chef wealth of these consists of cameis, cattle, and goats, and their chief business is pasturage. They are all extremely indoient, but rigid taskmasters to their slaves. Their country being nearer the Desert, is far hotter and less fertile than that of the negroes.

They are rigid Mahometans, bigoted, and superstitious, and intolerant. All the males read and write. Their language is Aras

Their women are taught nothing except voluptuousness and submission. Corpulency in their females is the first characteristic of beauty. They are extremely unkind to their slaves and to strangers. Park describes them as universally proud, ferocious, false, and treacherous.

Tombuctoo, the capital of the kingdom of this name, is situated on a plain, 130 miles E. of Beroo, and 12 miles N. of the Niger; in about lon. 1 30 E. and 90 miles from the confines of the desert. It is a very large town; the Moors told Jackson, about 12 miles in circumference. The houses are spacious, and of a square form; of one story, with a hollow open square in the centre. The gov ernment of the town is in the hands of a divan of 12 Alemma, men learned in the Koran, appointed for 3 years. Its police is excellent. Kobra is its port on the Niger. The commerce of Tombuctoo is very important. The articles brought by the Akkabaahs from Morocco to the capital, are sent from Kabra, both up and down the Niger. A caravan goes also to Fezzan, and another to Egypt. The soil is generally fertile. Rice, millet, and maize, are extensively cultivated; wheat and barley also in the plains. Coffee and indigo grow wild. The cotton manufactures are superior. Great quantities of honey are annually collected.

HOUSSA lies E. of Tombuctoo, on both sides of the Niger. An extensive desert on the S. is said to separate it from Gotto. Houssa, the city, lies about 60 miles from the N. bank of the river, and is, according to Park, 11 days journey, or 330 miles below Kabra. It is said to be even larger than Tombuctoo, and is likewise a great commercial emporium. Horneman was informed, that the kingdom of Houssa reached eastward to the limits of Bournou, beyond lon. 15 E. and that it comprehended several large provinces, of which Kashua, and Gana, or Kano, where the most eastern. Kashna, the capital of the first is said to be far the largest town in the country, and in the interior of Africa.

BOURNOU, is a very extensive country, E. of Houssa.

TUARICK. Horneman tells us, that, that part of the Desert, lying N. of Houssa, and N. W. of Bournou, is occupied by the Tuarick, a very extensive nation, that roams over the whole desert, even to Morocco. They are divided into many different tribes, who all speak the same language. They discover strong natural powers of mind. Their character is much esteemed. They are chiefly Mahometans, but the Tagama Tuarick, on the borders of Tombuctoo, are whites, and are Pagans. They carry on a commerce between Soudan, Fezzan, and Gadamis, near Tripoli. Most of the Tuarick lead a wandering life. Some live in the small oases in the Desert.

TIB BOOS, are an extensive nation, living E. of the Tuarick in the Desert.

FEZZAN. This country limits the Tuarick on the N. E. Horneman says that it is of an oval shape, about 300 miles from N. to S. and 200 from E. to W. Rennel lays it down between lon. 14 and 17 E. and about 150 miles S. from the shore of the Greater Syrtis. The religion is the Mahometan. It is governed by a sul