and in the harbors, commences about the 20th of April, and ends about the 10th of October, The boats fish in from 4 to 20 fathoms water. The other, the bank season, is the most important. It begins the 10th of May, and continues till the last of September. The boats fish in from 30 to 45 fathoms water. The fishermen on ap average take each 7000 in a season. The greatest number ever taken by one man was 12000, and the largest cod-fish ever caught here measured 4 feet 3 inches long, and weighed 46 pounds.

Great Britain and the United States employ annually 3000 sail of small craft in this fishery; on board of which, and on shore to cure the fish, are upwards of 100,000 hands. Three quintals of wet fish make one quintal of dry, and the livers of 100 quintals make one hogshead of oil. The produce of the fishery will average 300,000 quintals of fish, and 3000 hogsheads of oil. The produce of the year 1799 was as follows: 453,337 quintals of dry cod-fish 13,995 do. of core-fish

2,642 tierces of salmon

202 barrels of herring 3,017 tons of oil

74,181 seal skins

The

Climate and Soil. In the winter the climate is severe. coasts are very subject to fogs, attended with almost continual storms of snow and sleet, the sky being usually overcast. These are attributed to the vapours of the Gulf Stream. The land near the coast is rocky and barren. A few kitchen vegetables with strawberries and raspberries are all its produce.

Face of the Country. The country, for 60 miles from the southern coast, is hilly, but not mountainous. The coasts are high, and the shores remarkably bold. The mountains on the S. W. side, near the sea, are very high and terminate in lofty headlands. Rivers. The rivers are all short and unfit for navigation.

UPPER CANADA.

Extent. THE southern extremity, on lake Erie, is in lat. 42 30 N. the northern at Poplar river in lat. 52 30; the eastern on lake St. Francis in lon. 74° W. and the western on lake Winnipec in lon. 97°. The northern line generally, however, is believed to be considerably south of lat. 52 30. Its length from east to west is 1090 miles. Its greatest breadth from lake Erie to the northern line is 525 miles; the average breadth is not more than 250 or 300.

Boundaries. Bounded N. by New-Britain; N. E. and E. by Lower Canada, and the river St Lawrence, lake Ontario, and Niagara river, which divide it from New-York; S. by the lakes which divide it from New-York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and Illinois Territories; W. by Detroit river, lake St. Clair, Huron river and lake, Winnipec river, and lake Winnipec.

Religion. At Kingston, Newark, and a few other places, there are settled clergymen. Except these places the Methodists are almost the only preachers in the country. Methodism is the prevailing religion of the province.

Government and Civil Divisions. Upper Canada has a lieutenant governor who acts as governor in the absence of the governor general.

The legislature is composed of a legislative council and house of assembly. The former contains not less than 7 members, the latter not less than 16. The manner of election and the tenure of office are the same as in Lower Canada.

The legislature meets annually in May, and has the sole power of taxation.

This province is divided into the following 19 counties, which are subdivided into townships ordinarily of 9 miles by 12.

The constitution, which guarantees to the people their political privleges, was received from the British government in 1791. That government bears the whole expense of the civil establishment. Population. The number of inhabitants, in 1783, was 10,000 in 1806, 80,000. They are composed chiefly of emigrants from New-England and New-Jersey.

Towns. York, the seat of government, stands on York harbor, in 43 35 N. directly opposite the mouth of Niagara river, which is 40 miles distant by water, and 100 by land. The town is projected to extend a mile and a half in length, from the bottom of the harbor, along the lake. Many houses are already completed, some of which display considerable taste. It was laid out in 1791. Within the last 10 years its growth has been rapid.

Kingston is in lat. 44 8 N. lon. 75 41 W. It stands at the head of the St. Lawrence and occupies the site of fort Frontenac. It has an excellent harbor, in which the king's shipping on lake Ontario winter. It has an episcopal church, a hospital and a barrack for troops.

Newark stands on the west bank of Niagara river, at its mouth, in lat. 45°. It extends a mile along the lake. It contains two churches, one Episcopal, the other Presbyterian.

Queenstown stands on Niagara river, 7 miles above Newark. It contains an Episcopal church.

Chipawa is a little village, 3 miles above the Falls, and 6 above Queenstown.

Elizabethtown, in the district of Johnstown, near lake Ontario, was settled in 1784, chiefly by British people. The London missionary society have a missionary established here.

Militia. The militia embraces all the males, except the Friends, Tunkers, and Mennonists, from 16 to 45.

Climate. The climate is much milder than in the Lower province.

Face of the Country. This country is generally level, and, in many parts, little elevated above the lakes.

Soil and Agriculture. The soil is generally good. The agriculture is yet in its infancy. The whole country, which is cleared, produces good wheat, Indian corn, flax, and grass in abundance. Hops of a good quality grow spontaneously; also plums, mulberries, blackberries, strawberries, raspberrics, and grapes. Orch

• Heriot's Travels

dant

ards begin to bear fruit. Peaches, cherries, and currants are abunGood pork is often fattened entirely in the woods. Rivers. These are the St. Lawrence, Ottawas, Moose, Albany, Trent, Thames, Chipawa, Holland, lake Nipissing, French, Michipicoren, and the Nipigon rivers.

Lakes. Half of lakes Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, Superior, Rainy lake, lake of the Woods, and lake Winnipec belong to Upper Canada. Lake Nipissing lies north of Huron, about 40 miles long and 15 wide, and lake Simcoe east of it, about as large. Lakes St. Anne, Sturgeon, St. Joseph, and several others lie N. and N. W. of lake Superior.

Bay. The bay of Quinti is a very long, narrow harbor, on the northern shore of lake Ontario. It is navigable 50 miles for the vessels of the lake.

NOVA-SCOTIA.

Extent. NOVA-SCOTIA is a large peninsula, stretching from the province of New-Brunswick into the Atlantic. It lies between lat. 43 30 and 48 4 N and between lon. 58 50 and 67° W. Its length is 307 miles, its breadth 154, and it contains about 14,000 square miles.

Boundaries. Bounded N. E. by the gulf of St. Lawrence, and the straits of Northumberland and Canceau; E. S. and S. W. by the Atlantic ocean; W. by the bays of Fundy and Verte and the province of New-Brunswick with which it is connected by an isthmus about 18 miles wide.

Historical Epochs. In the year 1594, one May, an Englishman, touched upon the coast.

1598 The Isle of Sable was peopled by a number of French convicts, left there by the Marquis de la Roche, who explored the west of Nova-Scotia, but made no settlement.

1605 Henry IV. of France granted the Sieur de Montz a patent of the American territories from lat. 40° to 48° N. In the following year that adventurer made a settlement at Annapolis.

1613. Annapolis was destroyed by an English expedition fron Virginia.

1621. James I. of Scotland granted sir William Alexander a patent of Nova Scotia.

1749. An expedition sailed from England under general Cornwallis, consisting of 2700 persons. Parliament devoted 40,000%. sterling to defray the expense, and 30,000 annually to support the settlement till 1755. The progress of the settlement for the first

11 years was slow.

1760. The capture of Canada relieved the settlers of their dan gers from the Indians and French.

1763. Nova-Scotia by the treaty of Paris was finally ceded to Great Britain.

Religion. The established religion is that of the church of

England. The diocese of Nova-Scotia includes New-Brunswick, Cape Breton, and St. John's island. It was made a bishopric in 1787. There are 19 missions. The ministers are supported partly by the society in England and partly by the government. The Presbyterian clergyman at Halifax has the same aliowance from government, as any clergyman of the church of England.

Government. In 1808, the civil and military authorities were joined in the person of the governor, and the provinces of NovaScotia, New-Brunswick, St. John's, and Cape Breton, erected into one military command of which he is the head.

The legislature consists of three authorities, the governor, the council, and the house of representatives.

The power of the governor varies with his instructions.

The powers of the two houses of assembly resemble those of the parliament.

The house of representatives consists of 59 members; 20 of whom are county members, and the remainder are sent by the different townships. Their proceedings are regulated by the parlia mentary precedents of Great Britain.

Divisions. Nova-Scotia is divided into 8 counties which are subdivided into townships.

Population. The number of inhabitants is between 70,000 and 80,000. The great body of the people are of English origin. Considerable numbers are from Massachusetts and Connecticut. After these the Scotch and Irish are most numerous. There are a few Germans, also, and a few French Acadians.

The Micmacs were the aborigines of the province. They in habit the eastern shore, between Halifax and Cape Breton. They are supposed now to have about 300 fighting men, fast diminishing.

Colleges and Schools. In 1789 King's college, was established by an act of the legislature at Windsor. A charter was granted in 1802; and a liberal fund established for the support of the institution. It has a valuable library. There are three scholarships of 301. per annum, established by the society for the propagation of the gospel, for the encouragement of students in divinity. The university scholarships are only 201. per annum. The president's salary is 4007. that of the professors 1001.

Almost every village in the province has a small school; and each mission has a schoolmaster, who receives a salary from the society for the propagation of the gospel.

Chief Towns. HALIFAX, the capital of the province, is in latitude 44 40 N. on a spacious and commodious harbor, of a bold and safe entrance. The town is built on the west side of the harbor, on the declivity of a commanding hill, whose summit is more than 300 feet above the level of the sea. The town is laid out in oblong squares. The streets cut each other at right angles. The town and suburbs are about two miles in length, the general breadth is a quarter of a mile. It contains 1000 houses and 8000 inhabitants. At the north end of the town is the king's naval yard, completely supplied with stores of every kind for the navy. Halifax is reckoned inferior to no place in British America for a seat of

government; as well from the harbor being open and accessible, at all seasons of the year, as from its easy entrance, and its proximity to the principal interior settlements of the province. The country around the town is very rocky, and the soil bad, and in general very unfit for cultivation.

PICTOU is a growing settlement in the county of Halifax. It is built on the bay of Pictou, on the northeast coast of the province. It contains 40 houses, and 500 inhabitants, who are chiefly Scotch. LIVERPOOL is a commercial settlement on the sea coast in Queen's county. It is built on Liverpool bay, and contains 200 houses.

The other principal towns are Lunenburgh, Barrington, Argyle, Yarmouth, Digley, Annapolis, and Windsor.

Roads. The principal post road in the province is that from Halifax to Digby, 150 miles. There are two packets established between Digby and St. John's in New-Brunswick, for the convey. ance of the mails over the bay of Fundy. Both cross once a week. There are two roads from Halifax to Pictou; one through Truro, 100 miles long; the other, by the head of Marquadaboit, 110 miles long. There is no settlement in the province, which has not a road opened with Halifax.

Trade. In 1753, the exports amounted to 29,5527.; the imports to 934. In 1810, the imports from Great Britain alone, into the single port of Halifax, amounted to 600,000l. ; and the imports into the whole province to 1,200,0001.

The exports consist chiefly of timber, fish, and lumber, to Great Britain and the West-Indies. The export of timber has of late years been very extensive, and the numerous harbors, from the bay of Chaleurs, to the bay of Fundy, inclusive, have been covered with vessels for cargoes of timber. More than 200,000 tons were exported from that district in 1810. The fisheries, however, afford the principal article of export.

Climate and Seasons. The winters of Nova-Scotia are generally mild and salubrious. The average height of the thermometer, in the winter of 1809, at Windsor, was 30°. During that winter the harbor of Halifax was frozen over, which had not happened for 20 years. The average height of the thermometer, in the summer of 1810, was 68°. Once in the month of August, 1799, it rose to 100o. It never was higher in the province. The spring is usually late, and the weather rainy and unhealthy. The summer is warm, though seldom to an excess. The rains are not often violent, and rarely continue long. The first two months of the autumn are healthy, mild, and pleasant.

Face of the Country. The N. E. shores present to the stranger a gloomy and forbidding appearance. Between Halifax and Torbay the settlements are poor, and few; and the shore rocky and barren.

The S. W. coast bears the marks of industry and cultivation, particularly the county of Lunenburgh. All the counties that border on the bay of Fundy are mountainous, and the uncleared hills are covered with hard wood of various kinds.