In this table, 10 units of either denomination make one unit of the next higher denomination, and this is the same way that simple numbers increase from the right to the left. Therefore, The denominations of federal money here expressed may be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided, by the same rules that have already been given for simple numbers. From the table it appears, 1st, That cents may be changed into mills by annexing a cipher. Thus, 8 cents are equal to 80 mills. 2d. That dollars may be changed into cents by annexing two ciphers, and into mills by annexing three. For example, 12 dollars are equal to 1200 cents, or to 12000 mills. The reason of these rules is evident, since 10 mills make a cent, 100 cents a dollar, and 1000 mills a dollar. Q. Repeat the table. How many units of either denomination make one of the next higher? How do simple numbers increase from the right to the left? How may Federal Money be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided? How may cents be changed into mills? How may dollars be changed into cents? How into mills? To how many cents are 12 dollars equal? To how many mills are they equal? How many cents in 4 dollars? How many in 6 dollars? How many mills in 9 dollars? How many mills in 5 dollars? How many cents in 3 dollars? In 8 dollars? In 7 dollars? NUMERATION TABLE FOR FEDERAL MONEY. is read, 5 cents and 7 mills, or 57 mills. 16 cents and 4 mills, or 164 mills. 62 dollars 12 cents and no mills. 127 dollars, 62 cents and 3 mills. 8940 dollars, 4 cents and 1 mill. As dimes are tens of cents the second line may either be read 16 cents and 4 mills, or 1 dime 6 cents and 4 mills. And as the eagles are tens of dollars the third linė may be read 62 dollars and 12 cents, or 6 eagles 2 dollars and 12 cents. Federal Money is generally read in dollars cents and mills. Q. In numerating Federal Money, what is the figure on the right called? The second? The third? The fourth? How is Federal Money generally read? REDUCTION OF FEDERAL MONEY. § 47. REDUCTION of Federal Money consists in changing its denominations without altering its value. It is divided into two parts. 1st. To reduce from a higher denomination to a lower, as from dollars to cents. 2d. To reduce from a lower denomination to a higher. as from mills to dollars. Q. What is reduction? How many kinds of reduction are there? Name them. EXAMPLES. 1. Reduce 25 Eagles 8 dollars 65 dimes and 35 cents, to the denomination of cents. OPERATION. 25 Eagles the highest denomination. 10 dollars make one eagle. 250 Product in dollars. add 8 the number in the denomination of dollars. 258 10 the number of dimes in a dollar. 2580 Product in dimes. add 65 the number in the denomination of dimes. 2645 10 number of cents in a dime. 26450 Product in cents. 35 cents to be added. 26485 Number of cents in 25 eagles 8 dollars 65 dimes and 35 cents. 2. In 3 dollars 60 cents and 5 mills: how many mills? 3 dollars=300 cents, 60 cents to be added, 360=3600 mills, to which add the 5 mills. Ans. 3605. 3. In 37 dollars 37 cents 8 mills: how many mills? Ans. 37378. 4. In 375 dollars 99 cents 9 mills: how many mills? 5. How many mills in 67 cents? 6. How many mills in $54? 7. How many cents in $125? Ans. 375999. Ans. 12500. 8. In $400, how many cents? How many mills? 9. In $375, how many cents? How many mills? 10. How many mills in $4? In $6? In $10,14 cents? 11. How many mills in $40,36 cents 8 mills? § 48. As we change dollars into cents by adding two ciphers, and cents into mills by adding one, it follows that, to change mills into dollars cents and mills, we have the following RULE. Cut of the right hand figure for mills, and the figures to the left will be cents. Then cut off the two next figures for cents, and the remaining figures to the left will be dollars. The reason of the rule is this: by cutting off the first right hand figure, we in fact, divide by 10, and thus reduce the mills to cents. Then by cutting off the next two figures, we divide by 100; and thus reduce the cents to dollars. The comma, or separatrix, is generally used to separate the cents from the dollars. It is not usual to place the comma between the cents and mills. Thus, $67,25 6 is read 67 dollars 25 cents and 6 mills. Q. How do you change mills into cents? How do you change cents into dollars? How do you separate the mills from the cents? How the cents from the dollars? EXAMPLES. 1. How many dollars cents and mills, are there in 67897 mills? Ans. $67,89 7 2. Set down 104 dollars 69 cents and 8 mills. Ans. $104,69 8. 3. Set down 4096 dollars 4 cents and 2 mills. Ans. $ 4. Set down 100 dollars 1 cent and 1 mill. 5. Write down 4 dollars and 6 mills. Ans. $100,01 1, Ans. $4,00 6. Ans. Ans. $0,65 2. Ans. $0,00 2. 9. Reduce 1607 mills, to dollars and cents. 10. Reduce 170464 mills, to dollars. 11. Reduce 8674416 mills, to dollars. 12. Reduce 94780900 mills, to dollars. 13. Reduce 74164210 mills to dollars. Ans. Ans. $170,46 4. The parts of a dollar are sometimes expressed fractionally, as in the following Q. How many cents in a dollar? In half a dollar? In a third of a dollar? In a fourth of a dollar? In the fifth of a dollar? In the eighth of a dollar? In the tenth of a dollar? In the sixteenth of a dollar? In the twentieth of a dollar? How many mills in half a cent? ADDITION OF FEDERAL MONEY. 1. Charles gives 93 cents for a top, and 3 cents for 6 quills how much do they cost him? Ans. 13 cents. 2. John gives $1,373 for a pair of shoes, 25 cents for a pen-knife, and 12 cents for a pencil: how much does he pay for all? 9 We first recollect that half a cent is equal to 5 mills. We then place the mills under each other, the cents under cents, and the dollars under dollars. We then add as in simple numbers. 3. James gives 50 cents for a dozen oranges, 12 cents for a dozen apples, and 30 cents for a pound of raisins: how much for all? OPERATION. $1,37 5 25 12 5 $1,75 OPERATION. $0, 50 1225 30 $0,92 5 Hence, for the addition of Federal Money, we have the following RULE. § 49. I. Set down the numbers to be added under one another, so that dollars shall fall under dollars, cents under cents, and mills under mills. II. Then add up the several columns as in simple numbers, and place the separating point in the amount directly under those in the columns. you Q. How do you set down Federal Money for addition? How do add up the columns? How do you place the separating point? EXAMPLES. 1. Add $67, 21 4, $10, 04 9, $6, 04 1, $0, 27 1, |