PRINCIPAL EVENTS

Defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, 2nd September. Caesar becomes supreme in the State [Dio 51, 1 τότε πρῶτον ὁ Καῖσαρ τὸ κράτος πᾶν μόνος ἔσχεν].

Defeat of Antony in Egypt. He and Cleopatra commit suicide (August). Egypt becomes a province with special conditions. Cornelius Gallus appointed first_praefect. The Senate vote to Caesar (1) Tribunicia potestas for life, outside as well as inside the pomoerium, (2) a casting vote in all iudicia, (3) special mention in all public prayers, and private libations. The Georgics of Vergil. Caesar's three triumphs, ex Illyrico, ex Actiaca victoria, de Cleopatra. The temple of Ianus closed. First reform of the Senate.

28 Imp. Caesar Augustus VI., Marriage of Agrippa with Marcella, the niece M. Agrippa II.

of Caesar. The consuls hold a census and Caesar is entered as princeps Senatus. Temple of Apollo on the Palatine consecrated. Two praetorii put at the head of the treasury. Restoration of temples is begun.

27 Imp. Caesar Augustus VII., The proposal of Caesar to restore the Republic M. Agrippa III.

26 Imp. Caesar Augustus VIII., T. Statilius Taurus II.

rejected by the Senate, c. 28. Division of the provinces into Senatorial and Imperial for 10 years [Dio 53, 11-13]. Caesar receives the title of AUGUSTUS, 13 Jan. [Ov. F. 1, 587]—παρὰ τῆς βουλῆς καὶ παρὰ τοῦ δήμου [Dio 53, 16]. The Principatus. OŰTW TÓ TE τοῦ δήμου καὶ τὸ γερουσίας κράτος πᾶν ἐς τὸν Αὔγουστον μετέστη καὶ ἀπ ̓ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀκριβὴς μоvаρxía καтÉotn [Dio 53, 17]. Tiberius assumes the toga virilis. Augustus goes to Gaul and Spain. Death of Cornelius Gallus. in the Cantabrian war. triumphs ex Hisp.

Augustus engaged
Sext. Appuleius'

25 Imp. Caesar Augustus IX., Expedition of Terentius Varro against the M. Iunius Silanus.

24 Imp. Caesar Augustus X., C. Norbanus Flaccus.

23 Imp. Caesar Augustus XI.
abd., A. Terentius Varro
Murena mort. est.
L. Sestius, Cn. Calpurnius
Piso.

Salassi. Foundation of Augusta Emerita in
Spain. Galatia made a Roman province,
but Mauritania restored to Iuba. Construc-
tion of the Triumphal Arch at Turbia voted
[Dio 53, 25; Pliny, N. H. 3, § 136]. See
under year B.C. 6. Second closing of the
temple of Ianus.

Augustus returns from Spain. Honours voted
to the young Marcellus. Renewed rebellion
of the Cantabri. Expedition of Aelius Gallus
into Arabia.
Dangerous illness of Augustus, c. 28. Agrippa
(made governor of Syria) retires to Lesbos.
Important constitutional changes. Augustus
abdicates the consulship and receives tribu-
nicia potestas for life, see under anno 27;

B.C.

23

22

21

CONSULS

M. Claudius Marcellus Ae-
serninus, L. Arruntius.

Censores.

L. Munatius Plancus.
Paul. Aemilius Lepidus.

PRINCIPAL EVENTS

and proconsulare imperium, both inside and
outside the pomoerium, superior (maius) to
that of any governor in any province. From
this year the years of his tribunicia potestas
are henceforth reckoned, beginning v. Kal.
Iul. (27 June), Dio_53, 32.
Death of the

young Marcellus. Return of the standards
from Parthia agreed upon.
Conspiracy and death of Murena, c. 19. Some
changes in the arrangement of the Imperial
and Senatorial provinces, Cyprus and Gallia
Narbonensis become Senatorial. Outbreak
among the Cantabri. Gaius Petronius
repulses the Aethiopian invaders of Egypt.
Augustus goes to Sicily on his way to
the East. Disturbances at the consular
comitia.

M. Lollius, Q. Aemilius Le- Agrippa, recalled to Rome, marries Iulia,
pidus.
daughter of Augustus. Augustus returns to
Sicily and thence goes to Greece, and win-

ters at Samos.

20 M. Appuleius, P. Silius The standards and prisoners are returned from Nerva.

Parthia. Birth of Gaius Caesar, son of Iulia and Agrippa. Augustus regulates the affairs of the East [Dio 54, 9]. He again winters at Samos. Mission of Tiberius to Armenia.

19 C. Sentius Saturninus, Q. Agrippa finally subdues the Cantabri.

Lucretius Vespillo.

Ex Kal. Iul. M. Vinucius.

18 P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus.

17

Au

gustus returns to Rome (12 Oct.). Tiberius granted praetorian rank. Augustus ap pointed praefectus moribus with censorial powers for 5 years [Dio 54, 10]. Consular rank for life and the perpetual power of proposing laws also voted to him. Death of Vergil.

Second reform of the Senate. The lex de maritandis ordinibus. First renewal of the Principatus [two periods of five years, Dio 53, 16; 54, 12].

C. Furnius, C. Iunius Sila- The ludi saeculares held. Birth of Lucius

Caesar, son of Agrippa and Iulia. Augustus adopts him and his elder brother Gaius. Agrippa again sent to Syria. Statilius Taurus made praefectus urbi. Disturbances in the Alpine regions, in Pannonia, Dalmatia, Macedonia and Thrace. Augustus spent this and the next year in or near Gaul. M. Lollius defeated by the Sigambri and Usipetes, c. 23.

Augustus still in Gaul. Tiberius and Drusus subdue the Rhaeti.

The temple of Ianus again closed.

Augustus returns to Rome from Gaul and Agrippa from Asia. Drusus in Germany. Opening of the theatrum Marcelli. Third reform of the Senate. Agrippa sent in the winter against the Pannonians. Death of Lepidus.

B.C.

12

II

CONSULS

M. Valerius Messala Barba-
tus mort. est, P. Sulpicius
Quirinus abd.

C. Valgius Rufus abd., C.
Caninius Rebilus mort. est,
L. Volusius Saturninus.
Q. Aelius Tubero, Paul. Fa-
bius Maximus.

Iulus Antoninus, Q. Fabius
Maximus Africanus.

9 Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus mort. est, T. Quinctius Crispinus.

8

7

PRINCIPAL EVENTS

Agrippa dies in March. Augustus becomes Pontifex Maximus (6 March); and is appointed praefectus moribus for another 5

years.

Campaign of Drusus in Germany and of Tiberius in Dalmatia. Death of Octavia, c. 61. Fourth reform of the Senate. Closing of the temple of Ianus prevented by the Daci crossing the Danube. They are defeated by Tiberius in this and the next year. Augustus resides most of this year at Lugdunum. Birth of Claudius (afterwards Emperor) at Lugdunum, son of Drusus and Antonia, niece of Augustus.

Drusus attacks the Chatti and Suevi. He dies
from an accident. Farther reforms in the
Senate [Dio 55, 3].

C. Marcius Censorinus, C. Augustus returns to Rome and again takes the
Asinius Gallus.

government of the provinces for 10 years
[Dio 55, 5]. Tiberius crosses the Rhine to
attack the rebellious Sigambri. The various
tribes submit. Death of Horace and Mae-
cenas. The name of the month Sextilis
changed to August. Augustus holds a
census. Third period of the Principatus.

Ti. Claudius Nero II., Cn. Triumph of Tiberius (1 Jan.). Renewed dis-
Calpurnius Piso.

turbances in Germany recall him thither.
Rome divided into 14 regiones. Tiberius
receives the Tribunician power for 5 years.

6 D. Laelius Balbus, C. An- Gaius Caesar consul designate for the sixth tistius Vetus.

5 Imp. Caesar Augustus XII., L. Cornelius Sulla.

year after this (i.e. a whole quinquennium is
to intervene). Tiberius retires to Rhodes for
7 years.

Gaius Caesar takes the toga virilis, c. 26.
Death of Tiro, the freedman of Cicero and
editor of his letters. (? The Nativity of
Christ.)

4 C. Calvisius Sabinus, L. Death of Herod. Passienus Rufus.

3

2

I

A.D.

I

2

L. Cornelius Lentulus, M.
Valerius Messalinus.

Imp. Caesar Augustus XIII.
abd., M. Plancius Silva-
nus abd.

Q. Fabricius, L. Caninius
Gallus.

Cossus Cornelius Lentulus,
L. Calpurnius Piso.

C. Caesar, L. Aemilius
Paullus.

Birth of Galba (afterwards Emperor). Alarms in Parthia and Germany.

L. Caesar takes the toga virilis. Augustus receives the title of pater patriae, c. 58. Iulia divorced by Tiberius (in B. C. II) and banished by her father, c. 65.

C. Caesar sent to the East to prevent the
Parthian invasion of Armenia.

A dangerous rising in Germany against M.
Vinicius.

P. Vincius, P. Alfenius Tiberius returns to Rome from Rhodes. Death

Varus.

Ex Kal. Iul. P. Corne-
lius Lentulus Scipio, T.
Quinctius Crispinus Vale-

rianus.

of Lucius Caesar at Massilia (August). C. Caesar meets Phraates on the Euphrates, at which meeting Velleius Paterculus was present [2, 101]. The house of Augustus on the Palatine burnt.

A.D.

3

4

5

L. Aelius Lamia, M. Ser- Fourth period of principatus [Dio 55, 12]. vilius.

Ex Kal. Iul. P. Silius, L.

Volusius Saturninus.
Sext. Aelius Catus, C. Sen-
tius Saturninus.

Ex Kal. Iul. C. Clodius Li-
cinus, Cn. Sentius Satur-
ninus.

L. Valerius Messala Volesus,
Cn. Cornelius Cinna Mag-

nus.

Ex Kal. Iul. C. Ateius Capito, C. Vibius Postumus. 6 M. Aemilius Lepidus, L. Aruntius abd.

7

8

9

L. Nonius Asprenas.

A. Licinius Nerva Silianus,
Q. Caecilius Metellus Cre-

ticus.

M. Furius Camillus, Sex.

Nonius Quinctilianus.

Ex Kal. Iul. L. Apronius,

A. Vibius Habitus.
C. Poppaeus Sabinus, Q.
Sulpicius Camerinus.

Ex Kal. Iul M. Papius Mu-
tilus, Q. Poppaeus Secun-
dus.

Death of Gaius Caesar at Zimyra in Lycia (23 Feb.). Tiberius and Agrippa Postumus adopted by Augustus (27 June). Tiberius receives trib. pot. for 10 years and goes to Germany, the campaign lasting till December. Treason of Gnaeus Cornelius.

Second campaign of Tiberius in Germany. A severe famine in Rome.

Third campaign of Tiberius in Germany. Revolt in Pannonia and Dalmatia. The aerarium militare established. Dedication of the arch at Turbia, commemorating the pacification of the Alpine tribes.

Germanicus (son of Drusus) sent to Pannonia. Tiberius undertakes the Illyrian war (A.D. 7-9).

The Pannonians submit, but there is still fighting in Dalmatia.

P. Cornelius Dolabella, C. Tiberius goes to Germany to restore discipline

Iunius Silanus.

Ex Kal. Iul. Ser. Cornelius
Lentulus.

and to make preparations for crossing the Rhine. Augustus makes great exertions to enrol fresh legions [Suet. Tib. 18; Dio 56, 23].

M. Aemilius Lepidus, T. Tiberius and Germanicus cross the Rhine, but

Statilius Taurus.

Ex Kal. Iul. L. Cassius

Longinus.

advance a very short distance and fight no battle. The Rhine remains the limit of the Roman empire.

Germanicus Caesar, C. Fon- Tiberius celebrates a triumph ex Pannoniis

teius Capito.

Ex Kal. Iul. C. Visellius
Varro.

C. Silius, L. Munatius Plan

cus.

Sex. Pompeius, Sex. Ap-
puleius.

Dalmatisque. Birth of Caligula at Trèves (?) (31 Aug.), Suet. Cal. 8.

The principatus renewed a fifth time for 10 years.

Augustus with Tiberius as colleague holds a census, cc. 27, 97, Tib. 21. Death of Augustus (19 August).

C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI

DE VITA CAESARUM

LIBER II.

DIVUS AUGUSTUS.

GENTEM Octaviam Velitris praecipuam olim fuisse,,multa 1 declarant. Nam et vicus celeberrima parte oppidi iam pridem Octavius vocabatur et ostendebatur ara Octavio consecrata, qui bello dux finitimo, cum forte Marti rem divinam faceret, nuntiata repente hostis