aut omnia aut ex maxima parte conficeret, ad multam noctem permanebat. In lectum inde transgressus, non amplius cum plurimum quam septem horas dormiebat, ac ne eas quidem continuas, sed ut in illo temporis spatio ter aut 5 quater expergisceretur. Si interruptum somnum reciperare, ut evenit, non posset, lectoribus aut fabulatoribus arcessitis resumebat, producebatque ultra primam saepe lucem. Nec in tenebris vigilavit umquam nisi assidente aliquo. Matutina vigilia offendebatur; ac si vel officii vel sacri causa maTo turius evigilandum esset, ne id contra commodum faceret, in proximo cuiuscumque domesticorum cenaculo manebat. Sic quoque saepe indigens somni, et dum per vicos deportaretur et deposita lectica inter aliquas moras condormiebat. con residua diurni actus, 'what remained over of the business of the day,' specially of a legal nature, see c. 32. ficeret, 'put together.' He refers, it seems, to making notes or memoranda, -such business as could be done in the study without the presence of parties concerned; or to keeping up the rationarium imperi mentioned in c. 28. For the word cp. Iul. 20 instituit ut tam senatus quam populi diurna acta confierent. For donec in secondary clause with imp. subj. cp. cc. 17, 48. In purely historical sense with indic. c. 16. fabulatoribus, 'story-tellers,' such as Sir W. Temple tells of in Ireland: 'when 'he was abroad in the mountains, and 'lay very ill a-nights so as he could not 'well sleep, they would bring him one 'of their Tale-tellers, that when he lay 'down would begin a story...and con'tinue all night long in such an even 'tone that you heard it going on when'ever you waked, and he believed nothing any physicians could give could 'have so good and so innocent effect to 'make men sleep.' In a non-professional sense of a graceful detailer of anecdotes, see Sen. Ep. 122 Pedonem Albinovanum narrantem audieramus, erat autem fabu lator elegantissimus etc. officii. Some public men began the business of the day before daylight. Thus Vespasian gave audiences and made business arrangements at that time. Pliny Ep. 3, 5 § 9 ante lucem ibat ad Vespasianum imperatorem, nam ille quoque noctibus utebatur, inde ad delegatum officium. Cp. ib. 12 § 2 officia antelucana. sacri. Not only were nocturnal visits to the temples necessary in certain cases [see c. 94, Nic. Dam. 5], but auspices were taken immediately after midnight by the magistrate who was to preside at elections, or on the day that any public business was to be begun, Gell. 3, 2, 10. [Sacra sunt enim Romana partim diurna, alia nocturna, Macrob. 1, 3. 6.] condormiebat, 'used to fall fast asleep.' Iuv. 3, 241 atque obiter leget, aut scribet, vel dormiet intus; Namque facit somnum clausa lectica fenestra. The word is rare, cp. Capit. Verus 4 § 8 in toro conviviali condormiens ita ut levatus cum stromatibus in cubiculum perferretur. Plautus has condormisco, Curc. 2, 3, 81, with perf. condormivi, Most. 2, 7, 55. 79 Personal ance. Forma fuit eximia et per omnes aetatis gradus venustissima; quamquam et omnis lenocinii neglegens et in appear- capite comendo tam incuriosus, ut raptim compluribus simul tonsoribus operam daret, ac modo tonderet modo raderet barbam, eoque ipso tempore aut legeret aliquid 5 aut etiam scriberet. Vultu erat vel in sermone vel tacitus adeo tranquillo serenoque, ut quidam e primoribus Galliarum confessus sit inter suos, eo se inhibitum ac remollitum, quo minus, ut destinarat, in transitu Alpium per simulationem conloquii propius admissus in praecipitium propelleret. 10 His bright eyes. Oculos habuit claros ac nitidos, quibus etiam existimari volebat inesse quiddam divini vigoris, gaudebatque, si qui sibi acrius contuenti quasi ad fulgorem solis vultum summitteret; sed in senecta sinistro minus vidit ; dentes raros et exiguos et scabros; capillum leviter inflexum 15 et subflavum; supercilia coniuncta; mediocres aures; nasum 79. venustissima, 'exceedingly graceful.' Nero [c. 51] was vultu pulchro magis quam venusto. modo tonderet...modo raderet. tondere 'to clip' as opposed to shaving. Verg. Ecl. 1, 29. The fashion of shaving the beard lasted from about B.C. 300 [Gell. 3, 4] till the time of Hadrian [Spart. Hadr. 26], though certain young dandies wore a small beard [hence barbatuli in Cic. ad Att. 1, 14]. In spite of Dio 48, 34 coins shew that Augustus sometimes wore a short beard till after B.C. 37. Eckhel 6, 76. Mayor on Iuv. 16, 31, Pliny N. H. 7 § 211 In Italiam ex Sicilia (tonsores) venere p. u. c. CCCCLIV adducente P. Titinio Mena, ut auctor est Varro. primus omnium radi cotidie instituit Africanus sequens, divus Augustus cultris semper usus est. praecipitium, a late word. See Lactant. inst. div. 6, 17 aut per confragosa vexabitur aut per praecipitia labetur. oculos...divini vigoris. Iulian laughs at this vanity of Augustus, Conviv. Caes. 309 Β, ἀνίετο δ ̓ αὖθις εἰς Αφροδίτην καὶ Χάριτας, εἶναί τε ἤθελε τὰς βολὰς τῶν ὀμμάτων ὁποῖός ἐστιν ὁ μέγας Ηλιος· οὐδένα γάρ οἱ τῶν πάντων ἀντιβλέπειν ἠξίου. Perhaps Vergil meant his description of Aeneas to convey a compliment to Augustus on the same point [Aen. 1, 593] namque ipsa decoram Caesariem nato genetrix, lumenque iuventae Purpureum, et laetos oculis adflarat honores. See Servius on Aen. 8, 689. Pliny gives a less complimentary motive for his being anxious that people should not look into his eyes. N.H. II, § 143 divo Augusto equorum modo glauci fuere (oculi) superque hominem albicantis magnitudinis: quam ob causam diligentius spectari eos iracunde ferebat. See also Aurel. Victor Epit. 1. scabros, decayed,' or 'covered with tartar.' Ovid Met. 8, 802 scabri rubigine dentes (al. fauces). et a summo eminentiorem et ab imo deductiorem; colorem inter aquilum candidumque; staturam brevem (quam tamen Iulius Marathus, libertus et a memoria eius, height. quinque pedum et dodrantis fuisse tradit), sed quae His Personal 5 commoditate et aequitate membrorum occuleretur, ut nonnisi ex comparatione astantis alicuius procerioris intellegi posset. Corpore traditur maculoso, dispersis per pectus atque 80 alvum genetivis notis in modum et ordinem ac numerum stellarum caelestis ursae, sed et callis quibusdam, defects. To ex prurigine corporis adsiduoque et vehementi strigilis usu plurifariam concretis ad impetiginis formam. Coxendice et femore et crure sinistro non perinde valebat, ut saepe etiam inclaudicaret; sed remedio harenarum atque harundinum confirmabatur. Dextrae quoque manus digitum salutarem tam 15 imbecillum interdum sentiebat, ut torpentem contractumque frigore vix cornei circuli supplemento scripturae admoveret. aquilum, 'dark.' Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 152 statura haud magna corpore aquilo HA. Ipsa ea est. MI. specie venusta, ore atque oculis pernigris. est. Iulius Marathus, c. 94. Probably a Greek-speaking Syrian. a memoria, 'secretary,''keeper of records,' like a manu, a commentariis, a studiis, etc. Augustus composed in honour of Drusus vitae memoriam prosa oratione [Suet. Claud. 1]; Marathus may have served him in this. [et a memoria is the emendation of Lipsius for etiam memoriam.] quinque pedum et dodrantis, 5 ft. 9 inches. But as the Roman foot was slightly less than the English ('97 ft. Eng.) Augustus would be rather under five feet seven inches (5 ft. 6'93 in. Eng.). 80. strigilis. The slave accompanied his master to the bath with a cista containing strigiles, ampulla (of oil), alabastrum (box of unguents), and other necessaries of the toilet. The curved strigil (stringo) made of metal, bone or wood, was used for scraping the body after the bath. Iuv. 3, 263. Many have been preserved, see Rich, Compan. to Dict. of Ant. non perinde, 'not as well as with the right,' or 'not very well' (the idea of comparison almost vanishing). Cp. Suet. Tib. 52 itaque ne mortuo quidem perinde adfectus est, sed tantum... Gell. 13 quare adventus eius non perinde gratus fuit. Tac. Agr. 10 ne ventis quidem perinde attolli (mare). remedio harenarum atque harundinum. This is explained to mean an application of warm sand and pounded reeds,' used as a fomentation. Gell. 19, 8 cum liberatum esse se aquae intercutis morbo diceret, quod arenis calentibus esset usus. Symmach. Ep. 8, 45 humor noxius articulis illapsus etiam nunc me tenet lectulo et vix litorali siccitate tenuatur. Pliny N. H. 24 § 87 volgaris harundo extractoriam vim habet et recens tunsa... medetur et luxatis et spinae doloribus radix in aceto inlita... It is true that Gellius l. c. gives it as the rule of Antonius Iulianus and Caesar that harena could not correctly be used in the plural; but the discussion shows that the rule was often broken, especially in medical language. However Baumg.-Crusius reads habenarum atque arundinum, and explains it to mean a kind of medical bandage or truss. wounds received by Augustus which might have caused this weakness, see C. 20. Of digitum salutarem, 'the first,' or 'index finger.' Various explanations have been given of the term, such as, that it was used to indicate silence and caution. But the most probable seems that which connects it with saluto, as used in salutations. 81 Questus est et de vesica, cuius dolore calculis demum per urinam eiectis levabatur. Graves et periculosas valitudines per omnem vitam aliquot His severe illnesses. expertus est; praecipue Cantabria domita, cum etiam distillationibus iocinere vitiato ad desperationem 5 redactus contrariam et ancipitem rationem medendi necessario subiit: quia calida fomenta non proderant, frigidis curari coactus auctore Antonio Musa. ΙΟ Quasdam et anniversarias ac tempore certo recurrentes experiebatur; nam sub natalem suum plerumque languebat; et initio veris praecordiorum inflatione temptabatur, austrinis autem tempestatibus gravedine. Quare quassato corpore, 82 neque frigora neque aestus facile tolerabat. Hieme quaternis cum pingui toga tunicis et subucula et thorace laneo mode of et feminalibus et tibialibus muniebatur, aestate aper- 15 travelling. tis cubiculi foribus, ac saepe in peristylo saliente aqua atque etiam ventilante aliquo cubabat. Solis vero ne Dress and dolore...levabatur. Cp. Tib. 72 languore paullum levatus. 81. valitudines. The illnesses of Augustus have been already noticed. See pp. 15, 20, 26, 61. For Antonius Musa and his treatment see c. 59. cum subiit, 'the occasion on which he submitted to.' The perf. ind. with cum referring to a particular time, cp. c. 28 cum rationarium imperi tradidit. sub natalem suum, 23 September. See p. 9. praecordiorum. Pliny N. H. 11 § 197 exta homini ab inferiore viscerum parte separantur membrana, quam praecordia appellant, quia cordi praetenditur, quod Graeci appellaverunt øpévas, ‘midriff.' gravedine, a cold,' 'a catarrh.' Catull. 44, 13 hic me gravedo frigida et frequens tussis quassavit. 82. pingui toga, 'thick and coarse.' Mart. 6, 11, 7 me pinguis Gallia vestit. id. 4, 19; Iuv. 9, 28 pingues lacernas, munimenta togae. subucula, an inner tunic (tunica interior), is a shirt worn under the tunica. Varro de vita P. R. ap. Non. 542 postquam binas tunicas habere coeperunt instituerunt vocare subuculam et intusium. Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 95 si forte subucula pexae Trita subest tunicae. Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 20 ne inter tunicas habeas. Becker's Gallus, p. 416, Marq. 15, p. 192. et thorace laneo. This is the emen dation of Beroaldus for subuculae thorace laneo. The thorax as a separate article of dress is mentioned in Iuv. 5, 143. feminalibus et tibialibus, woollen wrappers (fasciae) for the thighs and legs, generally only worn by invalids. Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 254 ponas insignia morbi, fasciolas, cubital, focalia. Petron. 40 fasciis cruralibus alligatus. Cic. Att. 2, 3 (of Pompey) caligae eius et fasciae cretatae non placebant. Val. Max. 6, 2, 7 (Pompeio) candida fascia crus alligatum habenti. Quint. 11, 3 palliolum sicut fascias quibus crura vestiuntur... sola excusare potest valetudo. in peristylo (collat. form with peristylio). The bedrooms would open into the peristylium. saliente aqua, a fountain in the garden of the atrium. Cp. Statius Silv. 1,3, 36 an picturata lucentia marmora vena Mirer, an emissas per cuncta cubilia lymphas? id. 1, 2, 154 excludunt radios silvis demissa vetustis Frigora, perspicui vivunt in marmore fontes. ventilante. The use of fans was ancient, though usually confined to women. Ter. Eun. 595 cape hoc flabellum et ventulum huic sic facito dum lavamur. Mart. 3, 82, 10 et aestuanti tenue ventilat frigus Supina prasino concubina flabello. Propert. 3, 18, 11 pavonis caudae flabella superbi. Anthol. 11, 101 hiberni quidem patiens, domi quoque nonnisi petasatus sub divo spatiabatur. Itinera lectica et noctibus fere, eaque lenta ac minuta faciebat, ut Praeneste vel Tibur biduo procederet; ac si quo pervenire mari posset, potius navigabat. Verum 5 tantam infirmitatem magna cura tuebatur, in primis lavandi raritate (unguebatur enim saepius). Aut sudabat ad flammam, deinde perfundebatur egelida aqua vel sole multo tepefacta; aut quotiens nervorum causa marinis albulisque calidis utendum esset, contentus hoc erat ut insidens ligneo To solio, quod ipse Hispanico verbo duretam vocabat, manus ac pedes alternis iactaret. ΤΟ Exercitationes campestres equorum et armorum statim 83 ῥιπίζων ἐν ὕπνοις Δημήτριος ̓Αρτεμιδώραν τὴν λεπτήν, ἐκ τοῦ δώματος ἐξέβαλεν. petasatus, 'wearing a broad-brimmed hat.' Plaut. Amph. prol. 143—5; I, I, 290. It was used generally in travelling. The young man in Plautus [Pseud. 2, 4, 45] who has to dress up to represent a new arrival says, etiam opust chlamyde et machaera et petaso. Cicero [fam. 15, 17] says of the tabellarii, who come to him ready to start, petasati veniunt. minuta, 'in short stages.' Praeneste vel Tibur. See c. 72. Tibur is about 18 miles, Praeneste about 21 miles from Rome. lavandi raritate. The constant use of hot baths was reckoned bad for the health, especially to those subject to fever, and after eating, Pers. 3, 90-102. Vopisc. Tac. 11 balneis raro usus est atque validior fuit in senectute. unguebatur. See c. 76. sudabat ad flammam, that is, apparently, he did not go into the caldarium, but heated himself at an open fire, or stove in the tepidarium or elsewhere. The sudatorium on the other hand was heated by air, Sen. Ep. 51 §6 quid cum sudatoriis, in quae siccus vapor corpora exhausurus includitur? egelida, 'lukewarm.' Catull. 46, 1 iam ver egelidos refert tepores. In the uéσos oikos or tepidarium even the oil was to be warm [τὸ ἔλαιον ἔστω χλιαρὸν Galen Meth. Med. 724]. albulis calidis, 'warm sulphur baths,' at the sulphur springs (Albulae aquae) between Rome and Tibur. Mart. 1, 12 Itur ad Herculeas gelidi qua Tiburis arces, Canaque sulphureis Albula fumat aquis. Strabo [5, 3, 11] talks of the waters as cold, καὶ τὰ ̓́Αλβουλα καλού μενα ῥεῖ ὕδατα ψυχρὰ [? χλιερά] ἐκ πολλῶν πηγῶν πρὸς ποικίλας νόσους καὶ πίνουσι καὶ ἐγκαθημένοις ὑγιεινά : but in fact they are lukewarm, Pliny N. H. 3 § 10 iuxta Romam Albulae aquae volneribus medentur egelidae. Thermae were built on them, and the waters are still used for medical purposes in the same way. The sulphurous lakes drain into the Anio by a small stream which is sometimes called Albula, see Stat. Silv. 1, 3, 75 illic sulphureos cupit Albula mergere crines. solio, 'a bathing tub,' see Strabo l. c. éуkalnμévos. Pliny [N. H. 33 § 152] speaks of solia argentea among the luxuries of some women. Festus s. v. solia: alvei quoque lavandi gratia instituti, quo singuli descendunt, solia dicuntur, quae a sedendo potius dicta videntur, quam a solio. alternis, 'alternately.' Common in poetry (especially Lucretius), and in prose from Livy onwards, but not so used in Cicero. 83. exercitationes campestres. The exercises on the Campus Martius detailed by Horace Odes 1, 8. Cp. Ovid Tr. 3, 12, 19 usus equi nunc est, levibus nunc luditur armis, nunc pila, nunc celeri volvitur orbe trochus; nunc, ubi perfusa est oleo labente, iuventus defessos artus Virgine tinguit aqua. Strabo 5, 3, 8 καὶ γὰρ τὸ μέγεθος τοῦ πεδίου θαυμαστὸν ἅμα καὶ τὰς ἁρματοδρο μίας καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ἱππασίαν ἀκώλυτον παρέχον τῷ τοσούτῳ πλήθει τῶν σφαίρᾳ καὶ κρίκῳ καὶ παλαίστρᾳ γυμναζομένων. |