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Doubling of the RANKS, is the placing two ranks in one, frequently used in the manoeuvres of a regiment. RANKS and Files, are the horizontal and vertical lines of soldiers when drawn up for service.

RANSOM, a sum of money paid for the redemption of a slave, or the liberty of a prisoner of war. In our law books, ransom is also used for a sum paid for the pardon of some great offence, and to obtain the offender's liberty.

RANULA, a tumor under a child's tongue, which, like a ligature, hinders it from speaking or sucking. RANUNCULUS, CROWFOOT; a genus of plants of the polygamia order, belonging to the polyandria class; and in the natural method ranking under the 26th order, Multisiliqua. See BOTANY Index.

RAPACIOUS ANIMALS, are such as live upon

prey.

RAPE, in Law, the carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will. This, by the Jewish law, was punished with death, in case the damsel was betrothed to another man: and, in case she was not betrothed, then a heavy fine of fifty shekels was to be paid to the damsel's father, and she was to be the wife of the ravisher all the days of his life; without that power of divorce, which was in general permitted by the Mosaic law.

The civil law punishes the crime of ravishment with death and confiscation of goods: under which it includes both the offence of forcible abduction, or taking away a woman from her friends; and also the present offence of forcibly dishonouring her; either of which, without the other, is in that law sufficient to constitute a capital crime. Also the stealing away a woman from her parents or guardians, and debauching her, is equally penal by the emperor's edict, whether she consent or is forced. And this, in order to take away from women every opportunity of offending in this way; whom the Roman law suppose never to go astray without the se duction and arts of the other sex; and therefore, by restraining and making so highly penal the solicitations of the men, they meant to secure effectually the honour of the women. But our English law does not enterVOL. XVII. Part II.

Governors of charter colonies

Deputy-governors

Established by the king, 1760.

tain quite such sublime ideas of the honour of either sex, as to lay the blame of a mutual fault upon one of the transgressors only; and therefore makes it a necessary ingredient in the crime of rape, that it must be against the woman's will.

Rape was punished by the Saxon laws, particularly those of King Athelstan, with death; which was also agreeable to the old Gothic or Scandinavian constitntion. But this was afterwards thought too hard: and in its stead another severe, but not capital, punishment was inflicted by William the Conqueror, viz. castration and loss of eyes; which continued till after Bracton wrote, in the reign of Henry III. But in order to prevent malicious accusations, it was then the law, (and, it seems, still continues to be so in appeals of rape), that the woman should, immediately after, go to the next town, and there make discovery to some credible persons of the injury she has suffered; and afterwards should acquaint the high constable of the hundred, the coroners, and the sheriff with the outrage. This seems to correspond in some degree with the laws of Scotland and Arragon, which require that complaint must he made within 24 hours: though afterwards by statute Westm. I. c. 13. the time of limitation in England was extended to 40 days. At present there is no time of limitation fixed: for, as it is usually now punished by indictment at the suit of the king, the maxim of law takes place, that "nullum tempus occurrit regi:" but the jury will rarely give credit to a stale complaint. During the former period also it was held for law, that the woman (by consent of the judge and her parents) might redeem the offender from the execution of his sentence, by accepting him for her husband; if he also was willing to agree to the exchange, but not otherwise.

In the 3 Edw. I. by the statute Westm. 1. c. 13. the punishment of rape was much mitigated: the offence itself, of ravishing a damsel within age (that is, twelve years old), either with her consent or without, or of any other woman against her will, being reduced to a trespass, if not prosecuted by appeal within 40 days, and subjecting the offender only to two years imprison+ 4 M

ment,

Rape.

opportunity to complain; if the place, where the fact Rape, was alleged to be committed, was where it was possible Raphael she might have been heard, and she made no outery: these and the like circumstances carry a strong, but not conclusive, presumption that her testimony is false or feigned.

ment, and a fine at the king's will. But this lenity being productive of the most terrible consequences, it was, in ten years afterwards, 13 Edw. I. found necessary to make the offence of forcible rape felony by statute Westm. 2. c. 34. And by statute 18 Eliz. c. 7. it is made felony without benefit of clergy: as is also the abominable wickedness of carnally knowing or abusing any woman-child under the age of ten years, in which case the consent or non-consent is immaterial, as by reason of her tender years she is incapable of judgment and discretion. Sir Matthew Hale is indeed of opinion, that such profligate actions committed on an infant under the age of twelve years, the age of female discretion by the common law, either with or without consent, amount to rape and felony; as well since as before the statute of Queen Elizabeth: but that law has in general been held only to extend to infants under ten; though it should seem that damsels between ten and twelve are still under the protection of the statute Westm. 1. the law with respect to their seduction not having been altered by either of the subsequent statutes.

A male infant, under the age of fourteen years, is presumed by law incapable to commit a rape, and therefore it seems cannot be found guilty of it. For though in other felonies "malitia supplet ætatem ;" yet, as to this particular species of felony, the law supposes an imbecility of body as well as mind.

The civil law seems to suppose a prostitute or common harlot incapable of any injuries of this kind: not allowing any punishment for violating the chastity of her, who hath indeed no chastity at all, or at least hath no regard to it. But the law of England does not judge so hardly of offenders, as to cut off all opportunity of retreat even from common strumpets, and to treat them as never capable of amendment. It therefore holds it to be felony to force even a concubine or harlot; because the woman may have forsaken that unlawful course of life: for, as Bracton well observes, "licet meretrix fuerit antea, certe tunc temporis non fuit, cum reclamando nequitia ejus consentire noluit."

As to the material facts requisite to be given in evidence and proved upon an indictment of rape, they are of such a nature, that though necessary to be known and settled, for the conviction of the guilty and preservation of the innocent, and therefore are to be found in such criminal treatises as discourse of these matters in detail, yet they are highly improper to be publicly discussed, except only in a court of justice. We shall therefore merely add upon this head a few remarks from Sir Matthew Hale, with regard to the competency and credibility of witnesses; which may, salvo pudore, be con-idered.

And, first, the party ravished may give evidence upon oath, and is in law a competent witness: but the credibility of her testimony, and how far forth she is to be believed, must be left to the jury upon the circumstances of fact that concur in that testimony. For instance: if the witness be of good fame; if she presently discover ed the offence, and made search for the offender; if the party accused fied for it; these and the like are concurring circumstances, which give greater probability to her evidence. But, on the other side, if she be of evil fame, and stand unsupported by others; if she concealed the injury for any considerable time after she had

Moreover, if the rape be charged to be committed on an infant under 12 years of age, she may still be a competent witness, if she hath sense and understanding to know the nature and obligations of an oath, and, even if she hath not, it is thought by Sir Matthew Hale, that she ought to be heard without cath, to give the court information; though that alone will not be sufficient to convict the offender. And he is of this opinion, first, Because the nature of the offence being secret, there may be no other possible proof of the actual fact; though afterwards there may be concurrent circumstances to corroborate it, proved by other witnesses: and, secondly, Because the law allows what the child told her mother, or other rela tions, to be given in evidence, since the nature of the case admits frequently of no better proof; and there is much more reason for the court to hear the narration of the child herself, than to receive it at secondhand from those who swear they heard her say so. And indeed it seems now to be settled, that in these cases infants of any age are to be heard; and, if they have any idea of an oath, to be also sworn: it being found by experience, that infants of very tender years often give the clearest and truest testimony. But in any of these cases, whether the child be sworn or not, it is to be wished, in order to render her evidence credible, that there should be some concurrent testimony of time, place, and circumstances, in order to make out the fact; and that the conviction should not be grounded singly on the unsupported accusation of an infant under years of discretion. There may be therefore, in many cases of this nature, witnesses who are competent, that is, who may be admitted to be heard; and yet, after being heard, may prove not to be credible, or such as the jury is bound to believe. For one excellence of the trial by jury is, that the jury are triers of the credit of the witnesses, as well as of the truth of the fact.

"It is true (says this learned judge), that rape most detestable crime, and therefore ought severely and impartially to be punished with death; but it must be remembered, that it is an accusation easy to be made, hard to be proved, but harder to be defended by the party accused, though innocent." He then relates two very extraordinary cases of malicious prosecution for this crime, that had happened within his own observation; and concludes thus: "I mention these instances, that we may be the more cautious upon trials of offences of this nature, wherein the court and jury may with so much ease be imposed upon, without great care and vi gilance; the heinousness of the offence many times transporting the judge and jury with so much indignation, that they are over-hastily carried to the conviction of the persons accused thereof, by the confident testimony of sometimes false and malicious witnesses."

RAPHAEL D'URBINO, the greatest, most sublime, and most excellent painter that has appeared, since the revival of the fine arts, was the son of an indifferent painter named Sanzio, and was born at Urbino on Good

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wil.

among which are his Hortorum libri quatuor, which is Rapia reckoned his masterpiece. 2. Reflections on Eloquence, Poetry, History, and Philosophy. 3. Comparisons be- Rapperstween Virgil and Homer, Demosthenes and Cicero, Plato and Aristotle, Thucydides and Titus Livius. 4. The History of Jansenism. 5. Several works on religious subjects. The best edition of his Latin poems is that of Paris in 1723, in 3 vols. 12mo.

Raphael Friday 1482. The popes Julius II. and Leo X. who employed him, loaded him with wealth and honour; Rapin. and it is said that Cardinal de St Bibiana had such a value for him, that he offered him his niece in marriage. His genius is admired in all his pictures; his contours are free, his ordonnances magnificent, his designs correct, his figures elegant, his expressions lively, his attitudes natural, his heads graceful; in fine, every thing is beautiful, grand, sublime, just, and adorned with graces. These various perfections he derived not only from his excellent abilities, but from his study of antiquity and anatomy; and from the friendship he contracted with Ariosto, who contributed not a little to the improvement of his taste. His pictures are principally to be found in Italy and Paris. That of the Transfiguration, preserved at Rome in the church of St Peter Monterio, passes for his masterpiece. He had a bandsome person, was well proportioned, and had great sweetness of temper; was polite, affable, and modest. He, however, lived in the utmost splendour; most of the eminent masters of his time were ambitious of working under him; and he never went out without a crowd of artists and others, who followed him purely through respect. He was not only the best painter in the world, but perhaps the best architect too; on which account Leo X. charged him with building St Peter's church at Rome: but he was too much addicted to pleasure, which occasioned his death at 37 years of age. He left a great number of disciples; among whom were Julio Romano and John Francis Penni, who were his heirs. Many able engravers, as Raimondi, George Mantuan, aud Bloemart, engraved after Raphael. See PAINTING. RAPHAIM, or REPHAIM, (Moses), a name signifying Giants, as they really were, and an actual people too, situated in Basan or Batanea, beyond Jordan, separated from the Zanzummim by the river Jabbok. Also a valley near Jerusalem; Joshua x.

RAPHANUS, RADISH; a genus of plants belong ing to the tetradynamia class; and in the natural method ranking under the 39th order, Siliquosa. See BoTANY Index; and for the method of culture, see GAR

DENING.

RAPHANIDOSIS, a punishment inflicted at Athens upon adulterers. The manner of it was this: The hair was plucked off from the privities of the offenders, bot ashes laid upon the place, and a radish or mullet thrust up his fundament, as has been mentioned under ADULTERY. To this Juvenal alludes, Sat. x. ver. 317. Quosdam mœchos et mugilis intrat. Persons who had been thus punished were called svrgolo. The word ruphanidosis is derived from gaane, "a radish." RAPHIDIA, a genus of insects, of the neuroptera order. See ENTOMOLOGY Index.

RAPIER, formerly signified a long old-fashioned sword, such as those worn by the common soldiers: but it now denotes a small sword, as contradistinguished from a back-sword.

RAPIN, RENE, a Jesuit and eminent French writer, was born at Tours in 1621. He taught polite literature in the society of the Jesuits with great applause, and was justly esteemed one of the best Latin poets and greatest wits of his time. He died at Paris in 1687. He wrote, 1. A great number of Latin poems, which have rendered him famous throughout all Europe;

RAPIN de Thoyras, Paul de, a celebrated historian, was the son of James de Rapin lord of Thoyras, and was born at Castres in 1661. He was educated at first under a tutor in his father's house; and afterwards sent to Puylaurens, and thence to Samur. In 1679 he returned to his father, with a design to apply himself to the study of the law, and was admitted an advocate: but some time after, reflecting that his being a Protestant would prevent his advancement at the bar, he resolved to quit the profession of the law, and apply himself to that of the sword; but his father would not consent to it. The revocation of the edict of Nantes in 1685, and the death of his father, which happened two months after, made him resolve to come to England; but as he had no hopes of any settlement here, his stay was but short. He therefore soon after went to Holland, and listed himself in the company of French volunteers at Utrecht, commanded by M. Rapin his cousin-german. He attended the prince of Orange into England in 1688: and the following year the lord Kingston made him an ensign in his regiment, with which he went into Ireland, where he gained the esteem of his officers at the siege of Carrickfergus, and had soen a lieutenant's commission. He was present at the battle of the Boyne, and was shot through the shoulder at the siege of Limerick. He was soon after captain of the company in which he had been ensign; but, in 1693, resigned his company to one of his brothers, in order to be tutor to the earl of Portland's son. In 1699, he married Marianne Testard; but this marriage neither abated his care of his pupil, nor prevented his accompanying him in his travels. Having finished this employment, he returned to his family, which he had settled at the Hague; and here he continued some years. But as he found his family increase, he resolved to retire to some cheap country; and accordingly removed, in 1707, to Wesel, where he wrote his History of England, and some other pieces. Though he was of a strong constitution, yet 17 years application (for so long was he in composing the history just mentioned) entirely ruined his health. He died in 1725. He wrote in French, 1. A Dissertation on the Whigs and Tories. His History of England, printed at the Hague in 1726 and 1727, in 9 vols 4to, and reprinted at Trevoux in 1728, in 10 vols 4to. This last edition is more complete than that of the Hague. It has been translated into English, and improved with Notes, by the reverend Mr Tindal, in 2 vols folio. This performance, though the work of a foreigner, is deservedly esteemed as the fullest and most impartial collection of English political transactions extant. The readers of wit and vivacity, however, may be apt to complain of him for being sometimes rather tedious and dull.

RAPINE, in Law, the taking away another's goods, &c. by violence. RAPPERSWIL, a town of Swisserland, on the 4 M 2 confines

Rapperswil confines of the canton of Zurich, and of the territory of 11 Gaster, with an old castle. It is strong by situation, Ras-Sem. being seated on a neck of land, which advances into the lake of Zurich, and over which there is a bridge 850 paces long. It is subject to the cantons of Zurich and Berne. E. Long. 8. 57. N. Lat. 47. 20.

RAPPOLSTEIN, a town of France in the department of Upper Rhine, which, before the revolution, had the title of a barony. All the musicians of Alsace likewise depended upon this baron, and were obliged to him a certain tribute, without which they could not play upon their instruments. E. Long. 7. 28. N. Lat. 48. 15. RAPTURE, an ecstasy or transport of mind. See EXTASY.

RARE, in Physics, stands opposed to dense; and denotes a body that is very porous, whose parts are at a great distance from one another, and which is supposed to contain but little matter under a large bulk. See the following article.

RAREFACTION, in Physics, the act whereby a body is rendered rare; that is, brought to possess more room, or appear under a larger bulk, without accession of any new matter. This is very frequently the effect of fire, as has long been universally allowed. In many cases, however, philosophers have attributed it to the action of a repulsive principle. However, from the many discoveries concerning the nature and properties of the electric fluid and fire, there is the greatest reason to believe, that this repulsive principle is no other than elementary fire. See REPULSION.

RAS-EL-FEEL, one of the frontier provinces of Abyssinia, of which the late celebrated traveller Mr Bruce was made governor while in that country. It is but of small extent, and in its most prosperous state contained only 39 villages. The climate is extremely hot, in Mr Bruce's opinion one of the hottest in the world. He informs us, that on the first day of March, at three o'clock in the afternoon, the thermometer stood at 114° in the shade, and in the evening at 82°; though at sunrise it had been no higher than 61. Notwithstanding this appearance of extreme heat, however, the sensation was by no means intolerable; they could bunt at midday, and felt the evenings rather cold. The soil is a fat, loose, black earth, which our author says is the same from 13° to 16° of north latitude; at least till we come to the deserts of Atbara, where the tropical rains cease. This country divides that of the Shangalla into two parts, nearly equal. These people inhabit a belt. of land about 65 miles broad, all along the northern frontier of Abyssinia, excepting two large gaps or spaces which have been left open for the sake of commerce, and which are inhabited by strangers, to keep the Shangalla in awe. The latter trade in gold, which they pick up in the streams as it is washed down from the mountains; for there are no mines in their country, neither is there any gold in Abyssinia, excepting what is imported from this or some other country. Shangalla are the natural enemies of the inhabitants of Ras-el-Feel, and much blood has been shed in the various incursions they have made upon one another; though of late those of Ras-el-Feel, by the assistance of the emperors, have been enabled to keep the Shangalla

at bay.

The

RÁS-SEM, a city of Tripoli in Barbary, concerning which a number of fables were told by the Tripoline

ambassador, all of which were believed in England and Ras-Sen other parts of Europe in the beginning of this century, (See PETRIFIED City). Mr Bruce informs us, that it Rastall is situated about five days journey south from Bengazi; but has no water excepting one fountain, which has a disagreeable taste and seems to be impregnated with alum. Hence it has obtained the name of Ras-Sem, or the fountain of poison. The only remains of antiquity in this place consist of the ruins of a tower or fortification, which, in the opinion of Mr Bruce, is as late as the time of the Vandals; but he says he cannot imagine what use they made of the water; and they had no other within two days journey of the place. Here our traveller saw many of the animals called jerboa, a kind of mice; which, he says, seem to partake as much of the nature of a bird as of a quadruped.

RASAY, one of the Hebrides islands, is about 13 miles long and two broad. It contains 700 inhabitants, has plenty of limestone and freestone; feeds great numbers of black cattle; but has neither deers, hares, nor rabbits. The only appearance of a barbour in Rasay is at Clachan bay, where Mr Macleod the proprietor of the island resides. Rasay presents a bold shore, which rises to the height of mountains; and here the natives have, with incredible labour, formed many little corn fields and potato grounds. These heights decrease at the south end, where there are some farms and a good. looking country. Mr Macleod is sole proprietor of this island and of Rona and Fladda at the north end of it, which are only proper for grazing.

The house of Rasay is pleasantly situated near the south-west end of the island, which is the most level part of it. It has an extensive and excellent garden, and is surrounded with forest trees of considerable magnitude; another proof that trees will grow upon the edge of the sea, though it must be allowed that the channel here is narrow. Immediately behind the house of Rasay are the ruins of an ancient chapel, now used as the family burying-place.

RASCIANS, a poor oppressed people who dwelt on both sides of the Danube, and who, about the year 1594, being weary of the Turkish thraldom, first took 13 of their vessels upon that river; and then drawing together a body of 15,000 men between Bude and Belgrade, twice defeated the pâslâ of Temeswar with a body of 14,000 Turks. They afterwards took Baczkerek, four miles from Belgrade, and the castle of Ottadt; then laying siege to that of Beche, on the Theyssa, the old pasha of Temeswar marched to relieve it with 11,000 men; but the Rascians encountering them, slew near 10,000, and took 18 pieces of cannon. The consequence of this victory was the reduction of Wersetza and Lutz. Then, sending to the archduke for aid and gunners, they offered to put themselves and their country under the emperor's protection.

RASOR-BILL, a species of alca. See ALCA, ORNITHOLOGY Index.

RASOR-Fish, a genus of shell-fish. See SOLEN, CONCHOLOGY Index.

RASTALL, John, a printer and miscellaneous writer, was born in London, probably about the end of the 15th century, and educated at Oxford. Returning from the university, he settled in the metropolis, and commenced printer, "then esteemed (says Wood) a profes sion fit for any scholar or ingenious man." He married

the

A

Ratsland.

RAT-Tails, or Arrests. See FARRIERY Index. RATAFIA, a fine spirituous liquor, prepared from the kernels, &c. of several kinds of fruits, particularly of cherries and apricots.

Rat

Rates.

tastall the sister of Sir Thomas More, with whom, we are told, ments on the top of a very steep precipice, under which is a curious cavern. he was very intimate, and whose writings he strenuousLord Gower, Mr Benson, and Sir Island ly defended. From the title-page of one of his books, he J. B. Warren, K. B. have been former proprietors. See LUNDY. appears to have lived in Cheapside, at the sign of the Mermaid. He died in the year 1536; and left two sons, William and John: the first of whom became a judge in Queen Mary's reign, and the latter a justice of peace. This John Rastall, the subject of the present article, was a zealous Papist; but Bale says that he changed his religion before his death. He wrote, 1. Natura naturata. Pits calls it a copious (prolixa) and ingenious comedy, describing Europe, Asia, and Africa; with cuts. What sort of a comedy this was, is not easy to conceive. Probably it is a cosmographical description, written in dialogue, and therefore styled a comedy. 2. The pastyme of the people; the cronycles of diverse realmys, and most especially of the realm of England, brevely compiled and emprinted in Cheapesyde, at the sign of the mearmaid, next Pollysgate, cum privilegio, fol. 3. Ecclesia Johannis Rastall, 1542, was one of the prohibit ed books in the reign of Henry VIII. 4. Legum Anglicanarum vocabula explicata. French and Latin. Lond. 1567, 8vo. And some other works.

RASTADT, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia and duchy of Baden, with a handsome castle. It is remarkable for a treaty concluded here between the French and imperialists in 1714; and near this place the French defeated the imperial troops in July 1796; in 1798 a congress was held here for the conclusion of a peace between France and Germany; but it broke up in 1799, when, not far from Rastadt, the French plenipotentiaries, on their return, were murdered by a party of Austrian hussars. See FRANCE, N° 501. Rastadt is seated on the river Merg, near the Rhine. E. Long. 8. 14. N. Lat. 48. 54.

RASTENBURG, a fine city in Prussia, on the Guber, surrounded with a wall, and since 1629 also with a rampart. It is 46 miles south-east of Koningsberg. E. Long. 21. 30. N. Lat. 54. 20.

RAT. See MUS, MAMMALIA Index; and for an
account of the methods of destroying rats, see VERMIN,
Destruction of

RAT-Island, a small detached part of the island of
Lundy, off the north coast of Devon. Though noted
in Donn's map of the country, it is not worth mention
here, but as giving opportunity to subjoin a farther no-
tice of Lundy, which island was purchased a few years
since by Mr Cleveland, M. P. for about 1200 guineas,
who has a small villa on it: not more than 400 acres
are cultivated: it is let altogether for 70l. a.year. The
soil is good, though no trees will grow on the island.
It has fine springs of water: the houses are seven: the
inhabitants, men, women, and children, do not exceed
24. The bird called murr, whose eggs are very large
and fine, the Lundy parrot, and rabbits, are the chief
produce; these abound, and are taken for the feathers,
eggs, and skins, principally. They have now (1794)
bullocks and 400 sheep, but the latter do not thrive.
70
They pay no taxes: fishing skiffs often call with neces-
saries: the situation is very pleasant, and the rocks
around, which are large, and partly granite, are wild
and romantic. It had probably more inhabitants once,
as human bones have been ploughed up. It has no
place of worship, and no public-house; but strangers
are always welcome. Eight cannon lie on the battle-

Ratafia of cherries is prepared by bruising the cherries, and putting them into a vessel wherein brandy has been long kept; then adding to them the kernels of cherries, with strawberries, sugar, cinnamon, white pepper, nutmeg, cloves; and to 20 pounds of cherries 10 quarts of brandy. The vessel is left open 10 or 12 days, and then stopped close for two months before it be tapped. Ratafia of apricots is prepared two ways, viz. either by boiling the apricots in white wine, adding to the liquor an equal quantity of brandy, with sugar, cinnamon, mace, and the kernels of apricots; infusing the whole for eight or ten days; then straining the li quor, and putting it up for use: or else, by infusing the apricots, cut in pieces, in brandy, for a day or two, passing it through a straining bag, and then putting in the usual ingredients.

RATCH, or RASH, in clock-work, a sort of wheel having twelve fangs, which serve to lift up the detents every hour, and make the clock strike. See CLOCK.

RATCHETS, in a watch, are the small teeth at the bottom of the fusy or barrel, which stops it in winding

up.

RATE, a standard or proportion, by which either the quantity or value of a thing is adjusted,

RATES, in the navy, the orders or classes into which the ships of war are divided, according to their force and magnitude.

The regulation which limits the rates of men of war to the smallest number possible, seems to have been dictated by considerations of political economy, or of that of the simplicity of the service in the royal dock-yards. The British fleet is accordingly distributed into six rates, exclusive of the inferior vessels that usually attend on naval armaments; as sloops of war, armed ships, bomb-ketches, fire-ships and cutters, or schooners, commanded by lieutenants.

Ships of the first rate mount 100 cannon, having 42pounders on the lower deck, 24-pounders on the middle deck, 12-pounders on the upper deck, and 6-pounders on the quarter-deck and fore-castle. They are manned with 850 men, including their officers, scamen, marines, and servants.

In general, the ships of every rate, besides the captain, have the master, the boatswain, the gunner, the chaplain, the purser, the surgeon, and the carpenter; all of whom, except the chaplain, have their mates or assistants, in which are comprehended the sail-maker, the master at arms, the armourer, the captain's clerk, the gunsmith, &c.

The number of other officers is always in proportion to the rate of the ship. Thus a first-rate has six lieutenants, six master's mates, twenty-four midshipmen, and five surgeon's mates, who are considered as gentlemen besides the following petty officers; quarter-masters and their mates, fourteen; boatswain's mates and yeomen, eight; gunner's mates and assistants, six; quarter-gunners, twenty-five; carpenter's mates, two, besides

fourteen

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