H Rebate.

Rebutter.

REBELLION, Rebellio, among the Romans, was Rebellion where those who had been formerly overcome in battle, and yielded to their subjection, made a second resistance: but with us it is generally used for the taking up of arms traiterously against the king, whether by natural subjects, or others when once subdued; and the word rebel is sometimes applied to him who wilfully breaks a law; also to a villein disobeying his lord.

Reaumur his manuscripts and all his natural productions. His works are, 1. A very great number of memoirs and observations on different parts of natural history; they are printed in the collections of the Academy of Sciences. 2. A large work printed separately in 6 vols in 4to, entitled, A Natural History of Insects. This important work contains a description of vast numbers of caterpillers, moths, gall insects, flies with two and four wings, lady birds, and those ephemeron flies which live only in that form a few hours; and lastly, of those singular and wonderful insects which are called polypes, which being cut into several pieces, each piece lives, grows, and becomes an insect, and affords to our eyes a great number See Po- of prodigies. The works of M. de Reaumur are exact, hypus, Hel- curious, interesting, and very ingenious. They are writminthology ten with much candour, clearness, and elegance; but it

Index.

must be acknowledged his manner is somewhat too diffuse. But we must not deceive the reader; he often raises our expectations, and does not give us all the satisfaction we promise ourselves from his writings. His method of raising poultry, in particular, rather disappoints us. He spared neither care, time, nor expence, to render it practicable: he flattered himself and his countrymen with the greatest hopes; but notwithstanding his assiduous industry, and vast charges, it proved abortive. The late M. l'Advocat recommended him to obtain better information from Egypt on the subject; and if possible to procure a person versed in the art to instruct him in it; but his death prevented the completion of the scheme. If the native of Egypt had arrived, showed M. de Reaumur a better method than his own, and practised it with success, as in his country, the community would have been benefited; on the other hand he would have seen, had it failed, that the climate of France was not proper for such experiments. M. Maillet, consul at Cairo, to whom Monsieur the regent had written to obtain the art, offered to send over a native of Egypt, if the government would pay the expence of his voyage, and allow him a pension of 1500 livres. M. Maillet rightly judged, when he preferred this method of proceeding. M. de Reaumur was not ignorant of the design; but he flattered himself, that his efforts would be successful without further aid, and thought he should acquire some honour. He certainly had great talents, industry, sagacity, and every other requisite which are necessary in such attempts; but it is morally impossible that a single man, in a different climate, can attain such knowledge in an art as those who live in a more favourable country, and have had the experience of many ages to profit by: however M. de Reaumur may have been unsuccessful, posterity is indebted to him for his repeated trials. He has removed some difficulties in the road, and those that travel it may discover what he only saw at a distance.

REAUMURIA, a genus of plants belonging to the pentandria class; and in the natural method ranking under the 13th order, Succulenta. See BOTANY Inder.

REBATE, or REBATEMENT, in Commerce, a term much used at Amsterdam for an abatement in the price of several commodities, when the buyer, instead of taking time, advances ready money.

REBATEMENT, in Heraldry, a diminution or abatement, of the bearings in a coat of arms. See ABATE

MENT.

There is a difference between enemies and rebels. Enemies are those who are out of the king's allegiance: therefore subjects of the king, either in open war, or rebellion, are not the king's enemies, but traitors. And David prince of Wales, who levied war against Edw. I. because he was within the allegiance of the king, had sentence pronounced against him as a traitor and rebel. Private persons may arm themselves to suppress rebels, enemies, &c.

REBELLIOUS ASSEMBLY, is a gathering together of twelve persons or more, intending or going about to practice or put in use unlawfully, of their own authority, any thing to change the law or statutes of the realm; or to destroy the inclosures of any ground, or banks of any fish-pond, pool, or conduit, to the intent the same shall lie waste and void; or to destroy the deer in any park, or any warren of conies, dovehouses, or fish in ponds; or any house, barns, mills, or bays; or to burn stacks of corn; or abate rents, or prices of victuals, &c.

REBUS, an enigmatical representation of some name, &c. by using figures or pictures instead of words, or parts of words. Camden mentions an instance of this absurd kind of wit in a gallant who expressed his love to a woman named Rose Hill, by painting in the border of his gown a rose, a hill, an eye, a loaf, and a well; which, in the style of the rebus, reads, "Rose Hill I love well." This kind of wit was long practised by the great, who took the pains to find devices for their It was, however, happily ridiculed by Ben Jon-on, in the humorous description of Abel Drugger's device in the Alchemist; by the Spectator, in the device of Jack of Newberry; at which time the rebus, being raised to sign-posts, was grown out of fashion at

names.

court.

REBUS is also used by the chemical writers sometimes to signify sour milk, and sometimes for what they call the ultimate matter of which all bodies are composed.

REBUS, in Heraldry, a coat of arms which bears an allusion to the name of the person; as three castles, for Castleton; three cups, for Butler; three conies, for Conisby; a kind of bearings which are of great antiquity.

REBUTTER, (from the Fr. bonter, i. e. repellere, to put back or bar), is the answer of defendant to plaintiff's surrejoinder; and plaintiff's answer to the rebutter is called a surrcbutter: but it is very rare the parties go so far in pleading.

REBUTTER is also where a man by deed or fine grants to warranty any land or hereditament to another; and the person making the warranty, or his heir, sues him to whom the warranty is made, or his heir or assignee, for the same thing; if he who is so sued plead the deed or fine with warranty, and pray judgment, if the plaintiff shall be received to demand the thing which he ought to warrant to the party against the warranty in the deed, &c. this is called a rebutter. And if I grant to a te

nant..

Rebutter nant to hold without impeachment of waste, and afterH wards implead him for waste done, he may debar me of Reciprocal this action by showing my grant, which is a rebutter.

Terms.

RECAPITULATION, is a summary, or a concise and transient enumeration of the principal things insisted on in the preceding discourse, whereby the force of the whole is collected into one view. See ORATORY, N° 37 and 127.

RECEIPT, or RECEIT, in Commerce, an acquittance, or discharge, in writing, intimating that the party has received a certain sum of money, either in full for the whole debt, or in part, or on account.

RECEIVER, in Pneumatics, a glass vessel for containing the thing on which an experiment in the airpump is to be made.

RECEIVER, receptor or receptator, in Law, is commonly understood in a bad sense, and used for such as knowingly receive stolen goods from thieves, and conceal them. This crime is felony, and the punishment is transportation for 14 years.

RECENSIO, was an account taken by the censors, every lustrum, of all the Roman people. It was a general survey; at which the equites, as well as the rest of the people, were to appear. New names were now put upon the censor's list, and old ones cancelled. The recensio, in short, was a more solemn and accurate sort

of probatio, and answered the purpose of a review, by showing who were fit for military service.

RECEPTACULUM, in Botany, one of the seven parts of fructification, defined by Linnæus to be the base which connects or supports the other parts.

RECEPTACULUM Chyli, or Pecquet's Reservatory, the reservoir or receptacle for the chyle, situated in the left side of the upper vertebra of the loins, under the aorta and the vessels of the left kidney.

RECHABITES, a kind of religious order among the ancient Jews, instituted by Jonadab the son of Rechab, comprehending only his own family and posterity. Their founder prescribed them three things: first, not to drink any wine; secondly, not to build any houses, but to dwell in tents; and thirdly, not to sow any corn, or plant vines.

The Rechabites observed these rules with great strictness, as appears from Jer. xxxv. 6, &c. Whence St Jerome, in his 13th epistle to Paulinus, calls them monachi, monks. Jonadab, their founder, lived under Jeloash, king of Judah, contemporary with Jehu king of Israel; his father Rechab, from whom his posterity were denominated, descended from Raguel or Jethro, father inlaw to Moses, who was a Kenite, or of the race of Ken: whence Kenite and Rechabite are used as synonymous in Scripture.

RECHEAT, in hunting, a lesson which the huntsman plays on the horn, when the hounds have lost their to call them back from pursuing a counter game, scent.

RECIPE, in Medicine, a prescription, or remedy, so called because always beginning with the word recipe, i. e. take; which is generally denoted by the abbreviature B. See PRESCRIPTION, Extemporaneous. RECIPROCAL, in general, something that is mutual, or which is returned equally on both sides, or that affects both parties alike.

RECIPROCAL Terms, among logicians, are those which

RECIPROCAL Figures, in Geometry, those which have the antecedents and consequents of the same ratio in both figures.

RECIPROCAL Proportion, is when in four numbers the fourth is less than the second by so much as the third is greater than the first, and vice versa. See PROPORTION and ARITHMETIC, chap. vi. Great use is made of this reciprocal proportion by Sir Isaac Newton and others, in demonstrating the laws of motion.

RECITAL, in Law, means the rehearsal or making mention in a deed or writing of something which has been done before.

RECITATIVO, or RECITATIVE, in Music, a kind of singing, that differs but little from ordinary pronunciation; such as that in which the several parts of the liturgy are rehearsed in cathedrals; or that wherein the

actors commonly deliver themselves on the theatre at the opera, when they are to express some action or passion; to relate some event; or reveal some design.

RECKENHAUSEN, a strong town of Cologne, now of the Rhenish Prussia provinces. The abbess of its nunnery had formerly the power of punishing offenders with death, and she alone was obliged to the vow of chastity.

RECKONING, or a Ship's RECKONING, in Navigation, is that account whereby at any time it may be she is to steer, in order to gain her port; and that acknown where the ship is, and on what course or courses count taken from the log-board is called the dead reckoning. See NAVIGATION.

RECLAIMING, or RECLAMING, in our ancient customs, a lord's pursuing, prosecuting, and recalling, his vassal, who had gone to live in another place with. out his permission.

Reclaiming is also used for the demanding of a person, or thing, to be delivered up to the prince or state to which it properly belongs: when, by any irregular means, it is come into another's possession.

RECLAIMING, in Falconry, is taming a hawk, &c. and making her gentle and familiar.

A partridge is said to reclaim, when she calls her young ones together, upon their scattering too much from her.

RECLINATION OF A PLANE, in Dialling. See

DIALLING.

Reclose

Recluse

view and examine the state of things, in order to make Reconnoia report thereof.

Parties ordered to reconnoitre are to observe the country and the enemy; to remark the routes, conve-, niences, and inconveniences of the first; the position, march, or forces of the second. In either case, they should have an expert geographer, capable of taking plans readily he should be the best mounted of the whole, in case the enemy happen to scatter the escorte, that he may save his works and ideas. See WAR.

Recluses were anciently very numerous. They took an oath never to stir out of their retreat: and having Reconnoi- entered it, the bishop set his seal upon the door; and tre. the recluse was to have every thing necessary for the support of life conveyed to him through a window. If he was a priest, he was allowed a small oratory, with a window, which looked into the church, through which he might make his offerings at the mass, hear the singing, and answer those who spoke to him; but this window had curtains before it, so that he could not be seen. He was allowed a little garden, adjoining to his cell, in which he might plant a few herbs, and breathe a little fresh air. If he had disciples, their cells were contiguous to his, with only a window of communication, through which they conveyed necessaries to him, and received his instructions. If a recluse fell sick, his door might be opened for persons to come in and assist him, but he himself was not to stir out.

RECOGNITION, in Law, an acknowledgement; a word particularly used in our law books for the first chapter of the statute 1 Jac. I. by which the parliament acknowledged, that, after the death of Queen Elizabeth, the crown had rightfully descended to King James.

RECOGNIZANCE, in Law, is an obligation of record, which a man enters into before some court of record or magistrate duly authorised, with condition to do some particular act; as to appear at the assizes, to keep the peace, to pay a debt, or the like. It is in most respects like another bond: the difference being chiefly this, that the bond is the creation of a fresh debt or obligation de novo, the recognizance is an acknowledgement of a former debt upon record; the form whereof is," that A. B. doth acknowledge to owe to our lord the king, to the plaintiff, to C. D. or the like, the sum of ten pounds," with condition to be void on performance of the thing stipulated: in which case the king, the plaintiff, C. D. &c. is called the cognizee, is cui cognoscitur; as he that enters into the recognizance is called the cognizor, is qui cognoscit. This being certified to, or taken by the officer of some court, is witnessed only by the record of that court, and not by the party's seal so that it is not in strict propriety a deed, though the effects of it are greater than a common obligation; being allowed a priority in point of payment, and binding the lands of the cognizor from the time of enrolment on record.

:

RECOIL, or REBOUND, the starting backward of a fire-arm after an explosion. Mersennus tells us, that a cannon 12 feet in length, weighing 6400lb. gives a ball of 24lb. an uniform velocity of 640 feet per second. Putting, therefore, W=6400, w = 14, V = 640, and the velocity with which the cannon recoils; we shall have (because the momentums of the cannon w V and ball are equal) Wvw V; and so v = W 24 X 64 '=2,4; that is, it would recoil at the rate of 6400

2 feet per second, if free to move.

RECOLLECTION, a mode of thinking, by which ideas sought after by the mind are found and brought

to view.

RECONNOITRE, in military affairs, implies to

:

RECORD, an authentic testimony in writing, contained in rolls of parchment, and preserved in a court of record. See COURT.

Trial by RECORD, a species of trial which is used only in one particular instance: and that is where a matter of record is pleaded in any action, as a fine, a judgement, or the like; and the opposite party pleads, nul tiel record, that there is no such matter of record existing. Upon this, issue is tendered and joined in the following form, "and this he prays may be inquired of by the record, and the other doth the like ;" and hereupon the party pleading the record has a day given him to bring it in, and proclamation is made in court for him to bring forth the record by him in pleading alleged, or else he shall be condemned ;" and, on his failure, his antagonist shall have judgment to recover. The trial, therefore, of this issue is merely by the record: for, as Sir Edward Coke observes, a record or enrollment is a monument of so high a nature, and importeth in itself such absolute verity, that if it be pleaded that there is no such record, it shall not receive any trial by witness, jury, or otherwise, but only by itself. Thus titles of nobility, as whether earl or not earl, baron or not baron, shall be tried by the kings's writ or patent only, which is matter of record. Also in case of an alien, whether alien friend or enemy, shall be tried by the league or treaty between his sovereign and ours; for every league or treaty is of record. And also, whether a manor be held in ancient demesne or not, shall be tried by the record of domesday in the king's exchequer.

RECORDE, ROBERT, physician, and mathematician, was descended of a respectable family in Wales, and lived in the time of Henry VIII. Edward VI. and Mary. The time of his birth is not exactly known, but it must have been about the beginning of the 16th century; for he was entered of the university of Oxford about 1525, and was elected fellow of All-Souls college in 1531. As he made physic his profession, he went to Cambridge, where he was honoured with the degree of doctor in that faculty in 1545, and very much esteemed by all who were acquainted with him, for his extensive knowledge of many of the arts and sciences. He afterwards returned to Oxford, where he publicly taught arithmetic and mathematics, as he had done prior to his going to Cambridge, and that with great applause. It appears that he afterwards went to London, and was, it is said, physician to Edward VI. and to Mary, to whom some of his books are dedicated; yet he died in the king's-bench prison, Southwark, where he was confined for debt in the year 1558, at a very immature age.

chiefly in the form of dialogue between master and schoHe published several works on mathematical subjects, lar, of which the following is a list.

The Pathway to Knowledge, containing the first prin ciples

tre

Recorde..

Recorde ciples of geometry, as they may moste aptly be applied A unto practice, bothe for the use of Instrumentes GeomeRecovery, tricall and Astronomicall, and also for projection of Plattes, much necessary for all sortes of men. Lond. 4to, 1551.

Blackst.

The Ground of Arts, teaching the perfect worke and practice of Arithmeticke, both in whole numbers and fractions, after a more easie and exact forme then in former time hath been set furth, 8vo, 1552.

The Castle of Knowledge, containing the Explication of the Sphere both Celestiall and Materiall, and divers other things incident thereto. With sundry pleasaunt proofes and certaine newe demonstrations not written before in any vulgare woorkes. Lond. fol. 1556.

The Whetstone of Witte, which is the second part of Arithmetike, containing the extraction of rootes; the Cossike practice, with the rules of equation; and the woorkes of surde numbers. Lond. 4to, 1557.

Wood says that he was the author of several pieces on physic, anatomy, politics, and divinity, but it is uncertain whether these were ever published. Sherburne says that he also published Cosmographic Isagogen; that he wrote a book De arte faciendi horologium, and another De usu globorum, et de statu temporum, none of which we have had an opportunity of seeing.

RECORDER, a person whom the mayor and other magistrates of a city or corporation associate to them, for their better direction in matters of justice and proceedings in law; on which account this person is generally a counsellor, or other person well skilled in the law.

The recorder of London is chosen by the lord mayor and aldermen; and as he is held to be the mouth of the city, delivers the judgment of the courts therein, and records and certifies the city-customs. See LONDON, N° 58.

RECOVERY, or Common RECOVERY, in English law, a species of assurance by matter of record; concerning the original of which it must be remarked, that common recoveries were invented by the ecclesiastics to elude the statutes of mortmain (see TAIL); and afterwards encouraged by the finesse of the courts of law in 12 Edward IV. in order to put an end to all fettered inheritances, and bar not only estates-tail, but also all remainders and reversions expectant thereon. We have here, therefore, only to consider, first, the nature of a common recovery; and, secondly, its force and effect.

1. A common recovery is a suit or action, either acComment. tual or fictitious: and in it the lands are recovered against the tenant of the freehold; which recovery, being a supposed abjudication of the right, binds all persons, and vests a free and absolute fee-simple in the recoverer. To explain this as clearly and concisely as possible, let us, in the first place, suppose David Edwards to be tenant of the freehold, and desirous to suffer a common recovery, in order to bar all entails, remainders, and reversions, and to convey the same in fee-simple, to Francis Golding. To effect this, Golding is to bring an action against him. for the lands; and he accordingly sues out a writ called a præcipe quod reddat, because these were its initial or most operative words when the law proceedings were in Latin. In this writ the demandant Golding alleges, that the defendant Edwards (here called the tenant) has

no legal title to the land; but that he came into posses- Recovery. sion of it after one Hugh Hunt had turned the demandant out of it. The subsequent proceedings are made up into a record or recovery roll, in which the writ and complaint of the demandant are first recited: whereupon the tenant appears, and calls upon one Jacob Morland, who is supposed, at the original purchase, to have warranted the title to the tenant; and thereupon he prays, that the said Jacob Morland may be called in to defend the title which he so warranted. This is called the voucher, "vocatio," or calling of Jacob Morland to Warranty; and Morland is called the vouchce. Upon this Jacob Morland, the vouchee, appears, is impleaded, and defends the title. Whereupon Golding the demandant desires leave of the court to imparl, or coafer with the vouchee in private; which is (as usual) allowed him. And soon afterwards the demandant Golding returns to court; but Morland the vouchee disappears, or makes default. Whereupon judgment is given for the demandant Golding, now called the recoverer, to recover the lands in question against the tenant Edwards, who is now the recoveree: and Edwards has judgment to recover of Jacob Morland lands of equal value, in recompense for the lands so warranted by him, and now lost by his default; which is agreeable to the doctrine of warranty mentioned in the preceding chapter. This is called the recompense or recovery in value. But Jacob Morland having no lands of his own, being usually the crier of the court, who, from being frequently thus vouched, is called the common vouchee, it is plain that Edwards has only a nominal recompense for the lands so recovered against him by Golding; which lands are now absolutely vested in the said recoverer by judgment of law, and seisin thereof is delivered by the sheriff of the county. So that this collusive recovery operates merely in the nature of a conveyance in fec-simple, from Edwards the tenant in tail to Golding the purchaser.

The recovery here described, is with a single voucher only; but sometimes it is with a double, treble, or farther voucher, as the exigency of the case may require. And indeed it is now usual always to have a recovery with double voucher at the least: by first conveying an estate of freehold to any indifferent person, against whom the præcipe is brought; and then be vouches the tenant on tail, who vouches over the common vouchee. For, if a recovery be had immediately against tenant in tail, it bars only such estate in the premises of which he is then actually seised; whereas if the recovery be had against another person, and the tenant in tail be vouched, it bars every latent right and interest which he may have in the lands recovered. If Edwards therefore be tenant of the freehold in possession, and John Barker be tenant in tail in remainder, here Edwards doth first vouch Barker, and then Barker vouches Jacob Morland the common vouchee; who is always the last person vouched, and always makes default: whereby the demandant Golding recovers the land against the tenant Edwards, and Edwards recovers a recompense of equal value against Barker the first vouchee; who recovers the like against Morland the common vouchee, against whom such ideal recovery in value is always ultimately awarded.

This supposed recompense in value is the reason why the issue in tail is held to be barred by a common recovery. For, if the recoveree should obtain a recom

pense

eavery. pense in lands from the common vouchee (which there is a possibility in contemplation of law, though a very improbable one, of his doing), these lands would supply the place of those so recovered from him by collu sion, and would descend to the issue in tail. The reason will also hold with equal force as to most remaindermen and reversioners, to whom the possibility will remain and revert, as a full recompense for the reality which they were otherwise entitled to: but it will not always hold; and therefore, as Pigott says, the judges have been even astuti, in inventing other reasons to maintain the authority of recoveries. And, in particular, it hath been said, that though the estate-tail is gone from the recoveree; yet it is not destroyed, but only transferred, and still subsists; and will ever continue to subsist (by construction of law) in the recoverer, his heirs and assigns: and as the estate-tail so continues to subsist for ever, the remainders or reversions expectant on the determination of such estate-tail can never take place.

To such awkward shifts, such subtile refinements, and such strange reasoning, were our ancestors obliged to have recourse, in order to get the better of that stubborn statute de donis. The design for which these contrivances were set on foot, was certainly laudable; the unrivetting the fetters of estates-tail, which were attended with a legion of mischiefs to the commonwealth : but, while we applaud the end, we cannot but admire the means. Our modern courts of justice have indeed adopted a more manly way of treating the subject; by considering common recoveries in no other light than as the formal mode of conveyance by which tenant in tail is enabled to aliene his lands. But, since the ill consequences of fettered inheritances are now generally seen and allowed, and of course the utility and expedience of setting them at liberty are apparent, it hath often been wished that the process of this conveyance was shortened, and rendered less subject to niceties, by either totally repealing the statute de donis; which perhaps, by reviving the old doctrine of conditional fees, might give birth to many litigations: or by vesting in every tenant in tail, of full age, the same absolute fee-simple at once, which now he may obtain whenever he pleases, by the collusive fiction of a common recovery; though this might possibly bear hard upon those in remainder or reversion, by abridging the chances they would otherwise frequently have, as no recovery can be suffered in the intervals between term and term, which sometimes continue for near five months together or, lastly, by empowering the tenant in tail to bar the estate-tail by a solemn deed, to be made in term-time, and enrolled in some court of record; which is liable to neither of the other objections, and is warranted not only by the usage of our American colonies, but by the precedent of the statute 21 Jac. I. c. 19. which, in the case of a bankrupt tenant in tail, empowers his commissioners to sell the estate at any time, by deed indented and enrolled. And if, in so national a concern, the emoluments of the officers concerned in passing recoveries are thought to be worthy attention, those might be provided for in the fees to be paid upon each enrollment.

2. The force and effect of common recoveries may appear from what has been said, to be an absolute bar not only of all estates-tail, but of remainders, and reVOL. XVII. Part II.

Recruits.

versions expectant on the determination of such estates. Recovery So that a tenant in tail may, by this method of assurance, convey the lands held in tail to the recoverer, his heirs and assigns, absolutely free and discharged of all conditions and limitations in tail, and of all remainders and reversions. But, by statute 34 and 35 H. VII. c. 20. no recovery had against tenant in tail of the king's gift, whereof the remainder or reversion is in the king, shall bar such estate-tail, or the remainder or reversion of the crown. And by the statute 11 H. VII. c. 20. no woman, after her husband's death, shall suffer a recovery of lands settled on her by her husband, or settled on her husband and her by any of his ancestors. And by statute 14 Eliz. c. 8. no tenant for life, of any sort, can suffer a recovery so as to bind them in remainder or reversion. For which reason, if there be tenant for life, with remainder in tail, and other remainders over, and the tenant for life is desirous to suffer a valid recovery, either he, or the tenant to the præcipe by him made, must vouch the remainder-man in tail, otherwise the recovery is void but if he does vouch such remainder-man, and he appears and vouches the common vouchee, it is then good; for if a man be vouched and appears, and suffers the recovery to be had, it is as effectual to bar the estate-tail as if he himself were the recoveree.

In all recoveries, it is necessary that the recoveree, or tenant to the præcipe, as he is usually called, be actually seized of the freehold, else the recovery is void. For all actions to recover the seisin of lands must be brought against the actual tenant of the freehold, else the suit will lose its effect; since the freehold cannot be recovered of him who has it not. And, though these recoveries are in themselves fabulous and fictitious, yet it is necessary that there be actores fabulæ, properly qualified. But the nicety thought by some modern practitioners to be requi site in conveying the legal freehold, in order to make a good tenant to the præcipe, is removed by the provisions of the statute 14 Geo. II. c. 20. which enacts, with a retrospect and conformity to the ancient rule of law, that, though the legal freehold be vested in lessees, yet those who are entitled to the next freehold estate in remainder, or reversion, may make a good tenant to the præcipe; and that, though the deed or fine which creates such tenant be subsequent to the judgment of recovery, yet if it be in the same term, the recovery shall be valid in law and that though the recovery itself do not appear to be entered, or be not regularly entered on record, yet the deed to make a tenant to the præcipe, and declare the uses of the recovery, shall after a possession of 20 years be sufficient evidence on behalf of a purchaser for valuable consideration, that such recovery was duly suffered.

RECOVERY of persons drowned, or apparently dead. See RE-ANIMATION, and the articles there referred to. RECREANT, COWARDLY, Faint-hearted; formerly a word very reproachful. See BAttel.

RECREMENT, in Chemistry, some superfluous matter separated from some other that is useful; in which sense it is the same with scoria, fæces, and excre

ments.

RECRIMINATION, in Law, an accusation brought by the accused against the accuser upon the same fact. RECRUITS, in military affairs, new-raised soldiers designed to supply the place of those who have lost 4 P their