rounded with palisades, which is the residence of the chief of the Calmucks. The Russian or Cossack garrison is in the upper town. The merchants reside together in a slobod, and the citizens in the lower town. SIMEON STYLITES. [MONACHISM.] becomes flat, and assumes a character resembling that of The soil is generally fertile, consisting of a good black The population amounts to 1,200,000, of whom about SIMBIRSK, the capital of the government, is situated Another of his works, entitled “ Σύνοψις καὶ ̓Απάνθισμα Φυσικῶν τε καὶ Φιλοσόφων Δογμάτων, Compendium et Flores Naturalium et Philosophorum Placitorum,' is still in MS. in several European libraries. A long account of it (extracted from Allatius, De Simeonum Scriptis) is given by Fabricius (Biblioth. Gr., tom. xi., p. 323-326, ed. Harles). But Simeon Seth is better known in the history of literature than in that of medicine, as having translated from the Arabic into Greek the work known under the name of Pilpay's Fables,' in which fifteen moral and political sentences' (says Gibbon, Decline and Full, chap. 42) are illustrated in a series of apologues; but the composition is intricate, the narrative prolix, and the precept obvious and barren. An account of the history, translations, and editions of this antient and curious work is given under BIDPAI. (See also Fabricius, loco cit.; and Milman's note to Gibbon, vol. vii., p. 310.) He is also said to have translated from the Persian a fabulous history of Alexander the Greek, which at present exists, says E 2 Warton (Hist. of English Poetry, vol. i., p. 129), under the adopted name of Callisthenes, and is no uncommon manuscript in good libraries. It is entitled Bíos 'AλežávSpov Tou Makedovog kai Пpážnic, De Vita et Rebus Gestis Alexandri Macedonis;' and a long passage from the beginning of the work is quoted by Abr. Berkel in the notes to Stephanus Byzantinus (in v. Bovкegália), and by Fabricius, Biblioth. Gr., tom. xiv., p. 148-150 (ed. Vet.). This fabulous narrative is full (as might be expected) of prodigies and extravagancies, some specimens of which are given by Warton. Of all the romances on the subject of Alexander the Great, this by Simeon Seth was for some centuries the best known and the most esteemed; and it was most probably (says he) very soon afterwards translated from the Greek into Latin, and at length from thence into French, Italian, and German. The Latin translation was printed at Colon. Argentorat., 1489; perhaps before, for in the Bodleian Library there is an edition in 4to., without date, supposed to have been printed at Oxford, by Fred. Corsellis, about the year 1468. It is said to have been made by one Æsopus, or by Julius Valerius; supposititious names, which seem to have been forged by the artifice or introduced through the ignorance of scribes and librarians. This Latin translation however is of high antiquity in the middle age of learning; for it is quoted by Gyraldus Cambrensis, who flourished about the year 1190. It was translated into German by John Hartlieb Moller, a German physician, at the command of Albert, duke of Bavaria, and published at August. Vindel., fol., 1478. Scaliger also mentions (Epist. ad Casaubon., 113, 115) a translation from the Latin into Hebrew by one who adopted the name of Joseph Gorionides, called Pseudo Go rionides. SiM mammals. [APE; ATELES; BABOON; CHEIROPODA ; CHIM- Kophim of the Scriptures (1 Kings, x. 22; 2 Chron., 19), as well as those shown by Caesar, appear to have been. The Cephi exhibited by Pompey (Pliny, Nat. Hist., viii. Ethiopian apes; and in the Greek name inscribed near the quadrumanous animals, in the Prænestine pavement, the oriental origin of the word is apparent. It is remarkable that the name Cebus [SAPAJOUS] is applied by modern. zoologists to a genus of monkeys which could not have been known to the antients; for the Cebi of our present catalogues are exclusively American.. FOSSIL SIMIADÆ. from the tertiary formations of India, France, England, and Remains of Simiade have been discovered and described SIMEON OF DURHAM, an English historical writer types of quadrumanous, or rather Simious form. Brazil. These fossils are illustrative of four of the existing who lived about the beginning of the eleventh century. we have Semnopithecus from India; Hylobates from the He was a teacher of mathematics at Oxford, and was after-south of France; Macacus from Suffolk; and Callithrix, Thus wards precentor in Durham cathedral. He wrote a his- peculiar to America, found in Brazil. Nor is it anworthy tory of the kings of England from 616 to 1130, for which of remark, that we here have evidence that so high a qua he was at great pains to collect materials, especially in the drumanous form as the Gibbon, a genus in which the skull North of England, where the Danes had established them- is even more approximated to that of man than it is in the selves. The work was continued to 1156 by John, prior of Chimpanzee, was living upon our globe with the Palæothere, Hexham. Simeon of Durham is supposed to have died Elephants, and other Pachyderms. We say that the skull soon after 1130, when his history terminates. This work is of the Gibbon comes nearest to that of man; because, included in Twysden's Anglican Historiæ Scriptores though the cranium of the young Chimpanzee approaches Decem.' Simeon also wrote a history of Durham cathedral, which was published in 1732: Historia Ecclesiæ the permanent teeth are developed. that of the human subject, it is far removed from it when. Dunhelmensis, cui præmittitur T. R. Disquisitio de Auctore hujus Libelli; edidit T. Bedford,' Lond., 1732, 8vo. SIMFEROPOL, the seat of the Russian government of Taurida, is situated in 45° 12′ N. lat. and 24° 8' E. long., on an elevated plateau on the river Salgir. Simferopol is a modern town. There was indeed on this spot, in the time of the Khans, a place called Akmetschet (the white church), and sometimes called Sultan Serai, but it was of little importance, and now forms a small part of Simferopol, under the name of the Tartar quarter. The antient capital of the Khans was Baktschiserai, but it is confined to a small space in a rocky valley. The Russians, who love everything spacious and open, left that town to the Tartars, and built at Simferopol a capital according to their own taste, with immensely long and broad streets, in which horse-races might be held without interrupting the usual traffic. Being near the centre of the peninsula, it is well calculated for the seat of government. There are many pretty houses, with iron roofs painted green and adorned with many columns, like all the new Russian towns. Besides the government offices there are a Russian church, a pretty German church, one Greek and one Armenian church, four Tartar chapels, a gymnasium, and a seminary for Tartar schoolmasters. The population, about 6000 inhabitants, is a medley of Russians, Tartars, Armenians, Greeks, and 40 or 50 German families. There is here a very good botanic garden, or more properly speaking, a nursery where all kinds of useful plants, shrubs, and trees are cultivated, and sent to various parts of the empire. The town has no manufactures, and has only an inconsiderable trade by land, and scarcely any by sea. The immediate vicinity of the town does not produce much fruit or culinary vegetables. During the hot season fevers are very prevalent, and the water is very indifferent. Usewoloiski (as quoted by Hassel in 1821) makes the number of inhabitants 20,000; we imagine this is a misprint for 2000, for Stein in the same year gives 1800, and no subsequent account that we have seen states it above 6000. From these evidences we have also proof that Simiada presence of fossil vegetables, abundant in the London clay lived in our island during the Eocene period; whilst the show the degree of heat that must have prevailed here at Sheppy, and the remains of serpents in the same locality, during that period, when Simiada were co-existent with: tropical fruits and Boa Constrictors. manous form detailed in his View of the Fauna of Brazil,” previous to the last geological revolution, require special! But Dr. Lund's observations relating to the extinct quadru.. notice. He states that it is certain that the family of Si-miade was in existence in those antient times to which the fossils described by him belong; and he found an animal of that family of gigantic size, a character belonging to the organization of the period which he illustrates. He describes: it as considerably exceeding the largest Oran-Utan or Chimpanzee yet seen; from these, as well as from the longarmed apes (Hylobates), he holds it to have been generically distinct. As it equally differs from the Simiada now living. in the locality where it was discovered, he proposes a generic distinction for it under the name of Protopithecus, and the specific appellation of Protopithecus Brasiliensis. dition existing very generally over a considerable extent of the interior highlands, especially in the northern and As connected with this discovery, Dr. Lund records a trawestern portions of the province of S. Paul and the Sertão of S. Francisco. According to this tradition, that district. is still inhabited by a very large ape, to which the Indians,. pore, or Dweller in the Wood. This Caypore is said to be from whom the report comes, have given the name of Cayof man's stature, but with the whole body and part of its face covered with long curly hair; its colour brown,. with the exception of a white mark on the belly immediately above the navel. trees with great facility, but most frequently going on the ground, where it walks upright like a man. It is represented as climbing it is held to be a quiet inoffensive animal, living upon fruits, In youth Russland, family of DA; CHIM NASALIS; OUS; SEM riod. The 2 Chron nd Kubbi hi of the -d in some lini, &c.) n, among which ap pt.. 1810) female) -the two the Re on which it feeds with teeth formed like those of the human | indeed that errors or monstrosities of size are always more Upon this tradition Dr. Lund remarks, that it is easy to Dr. Lund further remarks that he has introduced this SIMILAR, SIMILAR FIGURES (Geometry). Simi- Similarity of form, or, as we shall now technically say, similarity, is a conception which is better defined by things than by words; being in fact one of our fundamental ideas of figure. A drawing, a map, a model, severally appeal to a known idea of similarity, derived from, it may be, or at least nourished by, the constant occurrence in nature and art of objects which have a general, though not a perfectly mathematical, similarity. The rudest nations understand a picture or a map almost instantly. It is not necessary to do more in the way of definition, and we must proceed to point out the mathematical tests of similarity. We may observe Granting then a perfect notion of similarity, we now ask in what way it is to be ascertained whether two figures are similar or not. To simplify the question, let them be plane figures, say two maps of England of different sizes, but made on the same projection. It is obvious, in the first place, that the lines of one figure must not only be related to one another in length in the same manner as in the other, but also in position. Let us drop for the present all the curved lines of the coast, &c., and consider only the dots which represent the towns. Join every such pair of dots by straight lines: then it is plain that similarity of form requires that any two lines in the first should not only be in the same proportion, as to length, with the two corresponding lines in the second, but that the first pair should incline at the same angle to each other as the second. Thus, if LY be the line which joins London and York, and FC that which joins Falmouth and Chester, it is requisite that LY should be to FC in the same proportion in the one map that it is in the other; and if FC produced meet LY produced in O, the angle COY in one map must be the same as in the other. Hence, if there should be 100 towns, which are therefore joined two and two by 4950 straight lines, giving about 12 millions and a quarter of pairs of lines, it is clear that we must have the means of verifying 12 millions of proportions, and as many angular agreements. But if it be only assumed that similarity is a possible thing, it is easily shown that this large number is reducible to twice 98. For let it be granted that ly on the smaller map is to represent LY on the larger. Lay down fand c in their proper places on the smaller map, each with reference to land y, by comparison with the larger map: then fand c are in their proper places with reference to each other. For if not, one of them at least must be altered, which would disturb the correctness of it with respect to 7 and y. Either then there is no such thing as perfect similarity, or else it may be entirely obtained by comparison with and y only. We have hitherto supposed that both circumstances must be looked to; proper lengths and proper angles; truth of linear proportion and truth of relative direction. But it is one of the first things which the student of geometry learns (in reference to this subject), that the attainment of correctness in either secures that of the other. If the smaller map be made true in all its relative lengths, it must be true in all its directions; if it be made true in all its directions, it must be true in all its relative lengths. The foundation of this simplifying theorem rests on three propositions of the sixth book of Euclid, as follows: 1. The angles of a triangle (any two, of course) alone are enough to determine its form: or, as Euclid would express it, two triangles which have two angles of the one equal to two angles of the other, each to each, have the third angles equal, and all the sides of one in the same proportion to the corresponding sides of the other. 2. The proportions of the sides of a triangle (those of two of them to the third) are alone enough to determine its form: or if two triangles have the ratios of two sides to the third in one, the same as the corresponding ratios in the other, the angles of the one are severally the same as those of the other. 3. One angle and the proportion of the containing sides are sufficient to determine the form of a triangle: or, if two triangles have one angle of the first equal to one of the second, and the sides about those angles proportional, the remaining angles are equal, each to each, and the sides about equal angles are proportional. From these propositions it is easy to show the truth of all that has been asserted about the conditions of similarity, and the result is, that any number of points are placed In the triangles BAE and bae, let the angles AEB and The number of ways in which the conditions of similarity Let us now suppose two similar curvilinear figures, and ence to any number of points, it will be easy to settle the Q and exhaustions [GEOMETRY, p. 154], or by the theory of limits applied to the proposition, that any curve may be approached in magnitude by a polygon within any degree of nearness. The theory of similar solids resembles that of similar polygons, but it is necessary to commence with three points instead of two. Let A, B, C, and a, b, c, be two sets of three points each, and let the triangles ABC and abc be similar: let them also be placed so that the sides of one are parallel to those of the other. If then any number of similar pyramids be described on ABC and abc, the vertices of these pyramids will be the corners of similar solids. If P and p be the vertices of one pair, then the pyramids PABC and pabc are similar if the vertices P and p be on the same side of ABC and abc [SYMMETRY], and one of the triangles, say PAB, be similar to its corresponding triangle pab, and so placed that the angle of the planes PAB and CAB is the The simplest same as that of the planes pab and cab. similar solids are cubes; and any similar solids described on two straight lines are in the same proportion as the cubes on those lines. Similar curve surfaces are those which are such that every solid which can be inscribed in one has another similar to it, capable of being inscribed in the other. It is worthy of notice that the great contested point of geometry [PARALLELS] would lose that character if it were agreed that the notion of form being independent of size, is as necessary as that of two straight lines being incapable of enclosing a space; so that whatever form can exist of any one size, a similar form must exist of every other. There can be no question that this universal idea of similarity involves as much as this, and no more; that in the passage from one size to another, all lines alter their lengths in the same proportion, and all angles remain the same. It is the subsequent mathematical treatment of these conditions which first points out that either of them follows from the other. If the whole of this notion be admissible, so in any thing less; that is, the admission implies it to be granted that whatever figure may be described upon any one line, another figure having the same angles may be described upon any other line. If then we take a triangle ABC, and any other line ab, there can be drawn upon ab a triangle having angles equal to those of abc. This can only be done by drawing two lines from a and b, making angles with ab equal to BAC and ABC. These two lines must then meet in some point c, and the angle acb will be equal to ACB. If then two triangles have two angles of one equal to two angles of the other, each to each, the third angle of the one must be equal to the third angle of the other; and this much being established, it is well known that the ordinary theory of parallels follows. The preceding assumption is not without resemblance to that required in the methods of Legendre. [PARALLELS.] SI'MILE is admirably defined by Johnson to be 'a comparison by which anything is illustrated or aggrandised,' a definition which has been often neglected by poets. A Metaphor differs from a Simile in expression, inasmuch as a metaphor is a comparison without the words indicating the resemblance, and a simile is a comparison where the objects compared are kept as distinct in expression as in thought. Dr. Thomas Brown has well said, "The metaphor expresses with rapidity the analogy as it rises in immediate sugges tion, and identifies it, as it were, with the object or emotion which it describes; the simile presents not the analogy merely, but the two analogous objects, and traces their resemblances to each other with the formality of regular comparison. The metaphor, therefore, is the figure of passion; the simile the figure of calm description.' (Lectures, xxxv.) The metaphor is only a bolder and more elliptical simile. When we speak of the rudeness of a man, and say Mr. Jones is as rude as a bear,' we use a simile, for the rudeness of the two are kept distinct but likened ; when we say that bear Mr. Jones,' we use a metaphor, the points of resemblance being confounded in the identification of rudeness with a bear. So, brave as a lion' is a simile-the lion Achilles' a metaphor. Where the resemblance is obvious, it may be more forcibly and as intelligibly expressed by a simple metaphor; but when the resemblance is not so obvious, it requires fuller elucidation, and then it must be expressed by a simile. Similes therefore, from their tendency to detail, are usually misplaced in passionate poetry, but metaphors constitute the very language of passion; for the mind, when moved, catches at every slight association to express itself, but never dwells on them with the deliberateness of a comparison. y of limits approached nearness. milar poly points ints of three De similar: re parallel ilar pyra = of these f P and p ABC and same side ngles, say b, and so AB is the simplest cribed on he cubes hich are has another. point of it were size, is able of of any There rity in passage in the is the itions m the n any Poets should never forget that similes are not used for and renewed the treaties of alliance which Jonathan had their own sake, but for the sake of illustrating or aggran-made with the Romans and Spartans. (1 Macc., xiv., xv.) dising' the object or emotion they would express: hence an In the year 141 B.C., the people met at Jerusalem, and important but overlooked canon of criticism. Metaphors registered a public act recounting the services of the house may be indefinite, for they are themselves the expressions of Mattathias, and recognising Simon and his heirs as perof strong but indefinite emotions; but similes must be uni-petual prince and high-priest of the Jews: and this act was formly definite, clear, and correct, otherwise they are use- afterwards confirmed by Demetrius. (1 Macc., xiv. 35.) less; for the simile is used to illustrate, by a known object, After the capture of Demetrius by the Parthians, his sucone unknown or indescribable: hence the necessity for its cèssor Antiochus Sidetes renewed the treaty with Simon, being intelligible. Moreover, images addressed to the eye allowed him to coin money, and declared Jerusalem a free must be such as are visually clear. These rules are conti- and holy city. Soon afterwards however Antiochus not nually violated by minor poets, but there are few cases of only refused to ratify this treaty, but demanded of Simon such violation in the greater poets, and even there the ex- the surrender of several fortified places, including the citadel ceptions prove the rule. on Mount Zion, or the payment of 1000 talents. Simon refused these demands, and Antiochus sent a large army into Palestine, which was soon however driven back by John Hyrcanus and Judas, the sons of Simon (B.c. 139-8). For the next three years the Jews again enjoyed a season of tranquillity, during which Simon occupied himself in inspecting and improving the state of the country. In the course of his tour he visited his son-in-law Ptolemy, at his castle of Doc, where he and his two sons Mattathias and Judas were treacherously put to death by Ptolemy, who aimed at the principality of Judæa (B.c. 135). He was succeeded by his surviving son John Hyrcanus. [HYRCANUS, JOHN; ASMONAEANS; MACCABEES.] (Brown's Lectures on the Philosophy of the Mind; Kames's Elements of Criticism; Bishop Lowth's Lectures on Hebrew Poetry; Hegel's Vorlesungen über die Esthetik; Solger's Esthetik.) SIMMENTHAL. [BERN.] SI'MMIAS was a native of Thebes, and is said to have been a disciple of Philolaus. He was a friend of Socrates (Plat., Crito, p. 45, B), and is introduced by Plato as one of the speakers in his 'Phædon.' (Diogenes Laertius (ii. 16, 124) mentions the titles of twenty-three dialogues which were in his time attributed to Simmias (Suidas, v. Eppias), but none of his works have come down to us. A second SIMMIAS, a grammarian, was a native of Rhodes, and probably lived about the year 300 B.C. He is said to have written a work on languages, consisting of three books, and a collection of miscellaneous poems, consisting of four books. (Suidas, v. Eppias; Strabo, xiv., p. 655.) Some of his poems, which however are of little value, are contained in the Anthologia Græca.' (Compare Athen., vii., p. 327 ; xi., p. 472 and 491.) A third SIMMIAS, who lived about the commencement of SIMNEL, LAMBERT. [HENRY VII.] SIMON MACCABAEUS, or MATTHES, surnamed | The coinage of Simon is the first of which we have any historical account among the Jews. [SHEKEL.] (Josephus, Antiq.; Prideaux's Connection; Jahn's Hebrew Commonwealth; Winer's Biblisches Realwörterbuch.) SIMON MAGUS, that is, the magician, is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles as having imposed upon the people of Samaria by magical practices. When Philip the Deacon preached the gospel at Samaria, Simon was among those who received baptism at his hands. But when Peter and John came down to Samaria, and Simon perceived that the Holy Ghost was received by those upon whom they laid their hands, he offered them money if they would give him the same power. Peter vehemently rebuked him, and he showed some appearance of penitence (Acts, viii. 9-24); but the early Christian writers represent him as afterwards becoming one of the chief opponents of Christianity. According to them he was the founder of the Gnostic heresy, and was addicted to magical practices and to abominable vices. After travelling through several provinces, endeavouring as he went to spread his errors and to damage Christianity as much as possible, he came to Rome, where it is said that he worked miracles which gained him many followers, and obtained for him the favour of Nero. At last, as he was exhibiting in the emperor's presence the feat of flying through the air in a fiery chariot, which he was enabled to perform by the aid of dæmons, the united prayers of Peter and Paul, who were present on the occasion, prevailed against him, and the damons threw him to the ground. There are also other marvellous stories about his life and doctrines. (Calmet's Dictionary; Winer's Biblisches Realwörterbuch; Lardner's Credibility,) After the treacherous seizure of Jonathan by Trypho The succeeding period of peace was employed by Simon in extending and consolidating his power, and improving the condition of his people. He made a harbour at Joppa, established magazines and armouries, improved the laws and administered them with vigour, restored the religious rites, his superiors to Paris, he applied himself to the study of |