The Suabian colonists imported into Galicia were divided into three signories, called respectively the western, central, and eastern, the superintendent of the whole residing at Lemberg. They belonged, in unequal proportions, to the two great branches of the Protestant faith, the Calvinists having a considerable majority. Some forty acres of land were presented to each colonist by the Government, Crown lands and estates of the nobility which had been confiscated having been devoted to the purpose. Notwithstanding the trouble and expense to which the Government was put to secure the success of this measure, it turned out a failure, and the condition. of the German colonists in Galicia leaves much to be desired. They retain little which proclaims their German extraction but their dress, and the Polish language has, to a great extent, been adopted by them. This is one more proof that in general sow what you may on Polish of Poles will come up. soil a crop In order to learn something of the language, I took a lodging in the Sixtuska Ulica-one of the pleasantest streets in Lemberg-near the "Ossolinkische Bibliothek," of which library, thanks to the kindness of the director, Count Dzieduszycki, I had the entrée at all times. I was also fortunate enough to make the acquaintance of a young polyglott Pole, who volunteered to teach me Polish. To this arrangement there was but one drawback, that my teacher had but one hour in the day free, from 6 to 7 A.M. However, as I felt sure that I should not meet with so eligible an offer again in a hurry-for my instructor, a clerk in a general warehouse, spoke English, French, German, and Polish, indifferently well -I closed at once with the arrangement, and next morning, at six, I began to decline Polish nouns and verbs. I must confess that it was at first more than I felt equal to, to bring myself up to the mark requisite for pronouncing words beginning with five consonants at that hour in the morning, but by degrees the strangeness wore off, and soon words, round which I could not get my tongue at the first start, came out as glibly as possible. After my lesson I used to repair to the beautiful "Jesuiten-Garten," or garden of the Jesuits, ἐνθ ̓ εὐστομοῦσι μαλίστ ̓ ἀήδονες. Many an hour have I passed stretched out beneath the delicious shade of the trees, whose tender green foliage in spring and early summer is a joy to think of for ever. I know of no more lovely resort in any town of Europe than this garden of the Jesuits at Lemberg. At the "Restauration "-ever present on every beautiful spot near Continental towns-you may breakfast, dine, or sup in the open air, and while away the hours pleasantly, listening to the Austrian band. If the power of music really be so great as it is thought to be, surely the sweet strains of Austrian bands should have made Austrian rule palatable to Poles, Hungarians, Italians, and whatever other nationalities it is the misfortune of Austria to oppress. In addition to the German and Polish companies, which play alternate nights at the town theatre, in the course of last year a Ruthenian theatre was opened at Lemberg, under the patronage of Field-Marshal Count Mensdorff-Pouilly, the lieutenant-governor of Galicia. As Ruthenian is a language which is only spoken in the Austrian dominions, by the peasantry in the villages throughout Eastern Galicia, and is quite unknown in the towns, the non-peasant portion of the audience returned to their homes without understanding a dozen words of the play. However, as it is to the peasant class that the Austrian Government trusts for its hold on the country, a few thousand florins spent for their amusement will probably prove money well invested. The Ruthenians of Eastern Galicia-that is of Galicia east of the San, a tributary of the Vistula, which bisects the province of Galicia-are identically the same race as the Ruthenian population of Volhynia, Ukraine, and Podolia; and, on the strength of this, a Russian propaganda is carried on by the Greek Uniate priests of Eastern Galicia, many of whom are in Russian pay. Both hating the Poles with an implacable hatred, the Russians and Austrians, happily for the Poles, hate one another equally, and this Ruthenian or "Russien" population (to be carefully distinguished from Russian) forms the chief bone of contention. Readers of "Across the Carpathians" will remember an amusing scene, where the two lady travellers are arrested in Hungary as Pansclavistic agents. Until the moment of their arrest the ladies had never heard of Pansclavism; but, with laudable presence of mind, sit down to write a chapter about it on the spot. The fact is that this "Pansclavism" is an ever present danger to Austria, inasmuch as it is the fixed idea of Russian diplomats, that it is the mission of Russia eventually to rescue all Sclaves from German rule. Now, it entirely depends upon the way in which she sets to work, with what measure of success this policy of Russia will be crowned. If the Czar looks to making himself autocrat of all the Sclaves, as he now styles L himself "autocrat of all the Russians," this scheme of Russia's is not likely to gain much popularity among the Sclavonic peoples under Austrian rule. But if, on the other hand, liberal ideas shall have made so much progress in Russia herself, as to admit of the possibility of her tolerating liberty elsewhere, and she will be content simply to put herself at the head of a great Sclavonic confederation, then Austria must look out for herself. It appears to me that the future of the Austrian Empire depends mainly upon the feelings of the Croatians and Dalmatians. That the Poles of Galicia, the Hungarians and Italians, are looking out for the first opportunity of throwing off the Austrian yoke, is known to all the world; but the line which the Croatians and Dalmatians would strike out in the event of a simultaneous rising in Galicia, Hungary, and Venetia, seems still problematical. As Jellachich with his Croats, rather than the Russians, saved Hungary to Austria in 1849, so these same Croats and Dalmats still hold the fate of Austria in their hands. From my experience of Sclaves and Germans, side by side, I cannot believe that there is any more real attachment between Austrians and Croats, than between Austrians and Poles. Before I have quite done with Lemberg, I must say one word about the railway now in progress between that city and Czernovitz (pronounced Chernovitz; Cz in Sclavonic languages is pronounced like ch in English), which is to be continued eventually to Galatz for Constantinople. When this line is completed, Lemberg bids fair to recover once more its former important position as a central trading-place between Constantinople and |