30. Find the length of a double-track railroad laid with 1640 rails, each 30 feet in length.

31. An ocean steamer in making a certain trip consumed 1920 tons of coal. If the time was 6 days, 5 hours, and 8 minutes, find the average number of pounds consumed per minute.

32. The report of a cannon was heard 1 minute 5 seconds after it was discharged. If sound travels 1120 feet per second, how many miles, rods, etc., was the hearer from the cannon?

33. A pupil pays $45 tuition in a term of 9 months of 20 days each, and is absent from school 16 days. Counting 6 school hours to a day, find the amount of tuition lost to him by his absence.

FOREIGN MONEY

English Money

The standard unit of English money is the pound, $4.8665.

4 farthings (far.) = 1 penny (d.)

12 pence

20 shillings

= 1 shilling (s.)

=1 pound (£), or sovereign

In writing pounds, place the sign first; thus, £ 5.

A farthing, like a mill, is not coined, but is expressed as a fraction of a penny.

French Money

The standard unit of French money is the franc = $.193.

100 centimes=1 franc (fr.).

The peseta of Spain and the lira of Italy are of the same value as the franc. The franc is the standard unit of value also in Belgium and Switzerland.

German Money

The standard unit of German money is the mark = $.238.

100 pfennigs (pf.) = 1 mark (m.).

All systems of money, except English money, are decimal systems. Canada has a decimal system of money like the United States. The denominations are the dollar, the dime, the cent, and the mill.

9. A lady paid 6d. a yard for cloth. Find the cost, in shillings, of 20 yards.

10. An English merchant takes 1 pound and 5 half sovereigns to a bank to exchange for pennies. How many pennies does the merchant receive?

11. The admission to a German show costs 50 pfennigs. How many tickets can be bought for 5 marks? 51

12. In a French school a collection for charity contained 6 francs, 5 half francs, and 250 centimes. Find the value in francs.

Written Work

Change to U.S. money, expressed in the nearest cent:

9. Change £25 12s. 8 d. to U.S. money. Change 128. 8d. to the decimal of a pound; thus, 8d., or 8.; 128. +

8. = 1238. 1238. = £123, or £.633+.

ૐ8.

s.

Hence, £25 12s. 8d.

20

= £25.633.

Change to U.S. money expressed to the nearest cent.

10. £10 5s. 6d.

11. £27

11d.

12. £98 19s. 5d.

13. 100 m. 60 pf.

14. £87 108. 3d.

15. 769 lira.

16. 104 fr. 75 centimes.

17. 745 peseta.

18. Change $1685 to pounds, etc.

$1685 $4.8665 = 346.244+, the number of pounds.

.244 × 20s. = 4.888.

.88 x 12d. = 10.56d.

to the nearest penny 11d.

Hence $1685 = £346 4s. 11d.

19. The cost of a bill of goods in England was $780.50. Express the value to the nearest penny in English money. 20. A German clock cost in Strasburg $119. Express the value to the nearest pfennig in German money.

21. An Italian workman saved on an average $27.89 per month for one year. Find the value to the nearest lira.

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

In addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of denominate numbers, the work is performed just as with other numbers. It is necessary, however, to bear in mind how many units of any denomination equal one unit of the next higher denomination.

Written Work

The sum of the inches is 18 in. or 1 ft. 6 in. Write 6 in. and add 1 ft. to the feet. The sum of the feet is 7 ft. or 2 yd. 1 ft. Write 1 ft. and add 2 yd. to the sum of the yards. The sum of the yards is 15 yd. The sum is 15 yd. 1 ft. 6 in.

2. Subtract 54 lb. 9 oz. (av.) from 75 lb. 4 oz. (av.).

9 oz. cannot be subtracted from 4 oz. Change 75 lb. 4 oz. to 74 lb. 20 oz. 20 oz. - 9 oz. = 11 oz., which is written in

the remainder.

74 lb. left in the minuend - 54 lb. = 20 lb.

Hence, the remainder is 20 lb. 11 oz.

The most important application of subtraction of denominate numbers is in finding the difference between two dates.

7. How long a time elapsed from April 19, 1775 to April 14, 1861?

yr. mo. da. 1861 4 14 1775 4 19

85 11 25

The later date is written in the minuend as the 14th day of the 4th month of 1861; and the earlier date in the subtrahend as the 19th day of the 4th month of 1775. In borrowing, consider 30 days to a month and 12 months to a year. The difference will be the time in years, months, and days.

8. Washington was born February 22, 1732; he was inaugurated president April 30, 1789. How old was he when

he became president?

9. Find the time from the signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 to the beginning of the Civil War, April 14, 1861.

10. General Ulysses S. Grant was born April 27, 1822. How old was he when the Civil War closed April 9, 1865?

11. Find the sum of the collections at an English theater for four different evenings as follows: £479 108. 8d. ; £ 531 158. 11d.; £ 594 9d.; £ 401 118. 5d.

12. Find the difference between the largest collection in problem 11 and each of the others.

13. A United States mail agent leaves New York Monday on his trip to Buffalo at 9:35 A.M. and returns Tuesday at 6:15 P.M. How long is he gone?

14. A coal miner's 4 wagons for the day weighed as follows: 1 T. 6 cwt. 19 lb.; 1 T. 7 cwt. 13 lb.; 1 T. 5 cwt. 85 lb.; 1 T. 4 cwt. 98 lb. Find the total weight.