RAILROADS, — continued.

regulation of grade and crossings, 723.
provisions regarding alarms, 724.

responsibility for persons injured or killed, 724, 725.

bridges for, over navigable waters, 738.

READING OF BILLS,

constitutional provisions for, 96, 169, 170.

in statutes, not binding upon third parties, 117.

when they may be evidence, 117.

RECONSTRUCTION OF STATES,

control over, 43, n.

RECORDS,

public, of the States, full faith and credit to be given to, 22, 23.
judicial, not generally to be contradicted, 23, 509.

REDEMPTION,

(See JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS.)

right of, cannot be shortened or extended by legislature, 356.
REFUSAL TO PLEAD,

in criminal cases, consequence of, 382.

REGISTRATION,

of voters, may be required, 757.

REGULATION,

of commerce by Congress, 14, 725, 734.
of navigable waters by Congress, 737, 738.
police, by the States,

(See POLICE POWER.)

of the right of suffrage, 756-759.

right of, does not imply a right to prohibit, 247, n.

REHEARING,

RELIGIOUS LIBERTY,

(See NEW TRIALS.)

care taken by State constitutions to protect, 580-586.

distinguished from religious toleration, 581.

does not preclude recognition of superintending Providence by public
authorities, 587.

nor appointment of chaplains, thanksgiving and fast days, 588.

1

nor recognition that the prevailing religion of the State is Christian,
588.

the maxim that Christianity is part of the law of the land, 588–595.
punishment of blasphemy does not invade, 589–592.

or of other forms of profanity, 593.

Sunday laws, how justified, 594, 734.

respect for religious scruples, 595.

religious belief, as affecting the competency or credibility of witnesses,

power of legislature over, in criminal cases, 325-333.

in civil cases, 116, 351-359, 448-456.

legislature cannot take away all remedy, 354.
may give new remedies, and defences, 351.
may limit resort to remedies, 453-456.

for compensation for property taken by public, 699-701.
REMOVAL,

of causes from State to national courts, 15, 16.
REPEAL,

of old English statutes, 34, n., 35, n.

all laws subject to, 152-154.

of statutes at same session of passage, 186.

by implication, not favored, 186.

of a law, terminates right to give judgment under it, 476.

of laws conflicting with unconstitutional law, 224.
question of, not to be referred to the people, 148, 149.
REPORTS,

of public meetings, 543, 544.

of legislative proceedings, publication of, 522–525, 569–572.
of judicial proceedings, publication of, 559-562.

(See LIBERTY OF SPEECH AND OF THE PRESS.)

REPRESENTATION,

constructive, 73, n.

REPRIEVE,

(See LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT; LEGISLATORS.)

power of, not included in power to pardon, 140, n.
REPBULICAN GOVERNMENT,

guarantee of, by United States to the States, 23, 41.

maxims of, do not constitute limitations on legislative power, 205, 206.
REPUBLICATION,

of amended statutes under certain State constitutions, 183, 184.

RES ADJUDICATA,

parties and privies estopped by judgments, 60.

force of judgment does not depend on reasons assigned, 60.

strangers not bound by, 61.

parties and privies not bound in new controversy, 61.

RESERVED POWERS,

under United States Constitution in the States and people, 25.
RESIDENCE,

gives jurisdiction in divorce suits, 501, 502.

but not unless bona fide, 502.

as affecting right to impose personal taxes, 622.

of voters, what constitutes, 754-756.

RESTRICTIONS,

on trade by municipal by-laws, 246.

in United States Constitution on powers of the States, 19–25.
on power of people to amend constitutions, 39, 41.

on powers of legislature,

(See LEGISLATURES OF THE STATES.)

RESUMPTION OF GRANTS,

by the States is forbidden, 334.

RETROSPECTIVE LEGISLATION,

when admissible generally, 113, 460–479.

cannot revive demands which are barred, 460.

nor create a demand where none ever equitably existed, 460.
may take away defences based on informalities, 461.

may cure irregularities in legal proceedings, 462.

or in corporate action, &c., 463, 463.

what defects can and what cannot be covered by, 462, 463.

may validate imperfect marriages, 465.

or other imperfect contracts, 467, 469.

or invalid deeds, 469-472.

may take away defence of usury, 467.

bona fide purchasers not to be affected by, 472.

legalizing municipal action, 278, 474.

pendency of suit does not affect power to pass, 476.

cannot make good what the legislature could not originally have permitted,

477.

cannot cure defects of jurisdiction, 478, 479.

forbidden in some States, 461, 462, n.

statutes generally construed to operate prospectively, 76, 461.
prospective construction of constitution, 76.

REVENUE,

in some States bills for, to originate with lower house, 160.
cannot be raised under right of eminent domain, 656.

powers of the Crown and Parliament over Colonies before, 6-8.
Congress of the, its powers, 7-9.

division of powers of government at time of, 7, n.

REWARDS,

cannot be paid by towns for apprehension of offenders, 258, n.

RHODE ISLAND,

ratification of Constitution by, 9.

charter government of, 35.

judges of, to give opinions to governor and legislature, 51, n.
privilege of legislators from arrest, 163, n.

impeachment of judges, 196, n.

protection to person and property by law of the land, 436, n.
liberty of speech and of the press in, 518, n.

privilege of legislators in debate, 556, n.

religious tests for office forbidden in, 583, n.

periodical valuations for taxation, 618.
exclusions from suffrage in, 753.

distinguished from the remedy, 348–350.

RIGHTS,

appropriation of private property for, 664, 665.
appropriation of materials for constructing, 654.
appropriation of, for railroads, &c., 681-684.
(See EMINENT DOMAIN.)

regulation of use of, by States, 734.

action for exclusion from, 679, n.

RULES OF CONSTRUCTION,

(See CONSTRUCTION OF STATE CONSTITUTIONS.)

RULES OF EVIDENCE,

power of the legislature to change, 353, 457-460.
(See EVIDENCE.)

RULES OF LEGISLATIVE ORDER,

are under the control of the legislature, 158-166.
(See LEGISLATURES OF THE STATES.)

SABBATH,

laws for observance of, 594, 734.

SALE OF LANDS,

S.

of incompetent persons, &c., special legislative authority for, 118-129.
propriety of judicial action in such cases, 118.

SCHOOL-HOUSES,

exercise of right of eminent domain for sites for, 665.

SCHOOLS,

impartial rights in, 490, n.

SCOTLAND,

servitude in, 366.

SEAMEN,

impressment of, 367.

SEARCH-WARRANTS,

(See SEARCHES AND SEIZURES.)

SEARCHES AND SEIZURES,

SEAS,

the maxim that every man's house is his castle, 29, 367.
unreasonable searches and seizures prohibited, 367, 368.
origin of the prohibition, 368.

history of general warrants in England, 368, n.
general warrants in America, 369-371.

search-warrants, their arbitrary character, 372.

only granted after a showing of cause on oath, 372.
must specify place to be searched and the object, 372.
particularity of description required, 372.

should be served in daytime, 373.

must be directed to proper officer, 373.

must command accused party and property, &c., to be brought before
officer, 373, 374.

cannot give discretionary power to ministerial officer, 374.

not allowed to obtain evidence of intended crime, 374.

cases in which they are permissible, 374–376.

not to seize correspondence, 376, n.

for libels, illegal at common law, 376, n.
officer following command of, is protected, 377.
and may break open doors, 377.

laws requiring, without compensation, strictly construed, 494.

to influence legislation cannot be contracted for, 166.

of child, right of father to, 420.

SERVITUDE,
SIDEWALKS,

(See SLAVERY.)

owners of lots may be compelled to build under police power, 734.

(See ASSESSMENTS.)