The first aim of the conspirators was to gain the army; for this purpose it was necessary to find some officer of rank to head them, and they fixed on general Luiz do Rego Barello as likely to join them. Januario accordingly applied to him; but he declined giving a decisive answer, and desired him to return at a certain hour on the following day. The minister of justice was in the meantime made acquainted with the circumstance, and Januario developed the plot before concealed witnesses. He was immediately taken up. On the night between the 1st and the 2nd of June, a merchant, a servant, and a printer's apprentice were also seized. These surely were not the kind of persons, who could dream of subverting the government of a kingdom. No light was thrown upon this affair by any judicial proceedings; and we may, therefore, reasonably infer, that, if any plot existed, its nature and

objects were very much misrepresented or exaggerated.

More undoubted symptoms of conspiracy manifested themselves in the garrison of Lisbon. Оп the 2nd of July, a part of one or more regiments of the line mutinied in the castle, crying out "the king for ever;" but the non-commissioned officers remaining firm, the mutineers were seized, and sent on board a man of war without resistance. Eleven of the soldiers, who were arrested, desired to be interrogated without delay, as they had to make some disclosures. What these disclosures were, the world was never informed; but suspicions were entertained by members of the Cortes, that this infant insurrection had not been prepared, without the connivance of certain individuals among those who had left Brazil in the train of his majesty, and who had been removed to a specified distance from Lisbon.

slumber under the Austrian dominion; for, from the Alps to the southern extremity of Sicily, the will of prince Metternich, enforced every where by the presence of Austrian troops, was a law supreme. The sovereigns of Sardinia and Naples employed the little remnant of precarious power which they retained, in punishing the authors of the late revolts, and in taking precautions, by suppressing secret societies, and regulating the education of youth, against the recurrence of similar events. At Naples thirty persons were condemned to death, and thirteen to twenty-five years imprisonment, for their participation in the revolution of 1820. the thirty, only two, Silvati and Morilli, were executed; the other twenty-eight had their punishment commuted into imprisonment and hard labour for thirty years! Death was denounced against all Neapolitans, who held any correspondence with Neapolitan refugees in foreign countries.

Of

minister of the interior to the cardinal archbishop of Naples, in which the king, being informed of the backwardness of schoolmasters and individuals to compel their pupils and children to frequent the congregations di Spirito established in the different communes of the kingdom, and likewise of their neglecting to send them to church on religious festi vals, orders all schoolmasters, public or private, to second the views of the bishops, in so far as regards the frequenting of these congregations; and to ensure their obedience, requires a certificate to be produced every week, testifying that the decree has been complied with. As a penalty in case of disobedience, the schoolmasters in public institutions are to be deprived of their pay, and private instructors are to have their schools shut up. Parents, who shall neglect to send their children to the congregations di Spirito, are declared unworthy of holding any public employment; and the chil

any

dren or young persons, who cannot exhibit proofs of their having attended these congregations, are declared unable to aspire to any place, to any public office, or to other government favour. By a decree, dated the 28th of September, abolishing the old regulations relative to secret societies: all periodical and organized meetings in numbers, for the discussion of religious, political, or literary subjects, are declared illegal, if formed without the mission of the government.

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The directors and managers of such meetings are to be punished by imprisonment in the third degree, and by a fine from 100 to 500 ducats.

If an illegal association shall embrace a promise or secret obligation, so as to form a sect, the members are to be punished by compulsory labour in the third degree, and by a fine of from 500 to 2,000 ducats; the chiefs, directors, managers, or graduates, by death on the gibbet, and a fine of from 1,000 to 4,000 ducats.

Persons knowingly preserving the emblems, cards, books, or other distinctive signs of any such sect, are liable to banishment.

The students of Turin, it will be remembered, were zealous partisans of the constitution of 1821, and mainly instrumental in bringing about the revolutionary explosion. For this the University of Turin was dissolved, and its fine building converted into a stable for the horses of the royalist troops. In the present year, it was reformed, and, together with the other seminaries of the kingdom, placed, by a royal ordinance, on a new footing. All education is now under the direction of the priests. The students are subjected to a

constant surveillance. They are even directed in what houses they must lodge, what church they must attend, what religious exercises they must perform.

An important change was effected in the administration of the Ionian Islands, by a decree issued on the 18th of January, which announced, that the monopoly of the commerce in grain, which had existed there for centuries, was now to cease, and that from the 1st of July, the trade, in that article, would be free, subject only to a small duty on importation. Sir Thomas Maitland continued to find it no easy task to preserve tranquillity in his government. Partly from the sympathy of the inhabitants with the Greeks, and still more from the piratical habits of many of them, they were eager to mingle in the contest which was going on in their neighbourhood, and which held out to them the prospect both of vengeance on hated infidels, and of rich booty, while their own abodes were safe from attack. For these reasons it was deemed necessary to subject the islands to martial law, and to disarm the inhabitants. To authorise any individual to retain offensive weapons, a licence was requisite. Though no new taxes had been imposed, the revenue of the islands exhibited a considerable increase, the best proof of the prosperity of the people. The fifth and last session of their first parliament under the charter of 1817 was held in the present year.

All the adjacent regions of Epirus and Greece, continued to exhibit a melancholy picture of de vastation and bloodshed. We left Ali Pacha, at the end of 1821, shut up in the citadel of

the Island of the lake. Resistance and escape were alike im possible; and his opponent Churchid, to induce him to surrender, assured him, that the sultan was willing to grant him a full pardon. Towards the end of January, Ali acceded to the proposals of his besiegers, and put himself in their hands. For some days, he was amused with stories that his pardon was on the way from Constantinople, and was treated with every mark of respect. At last, on the 5th of February, he received intimation, that his head was demanded by his master. He replied by discharging a pistol at Hassan Pacha, who had made the communication. The apart ment became instantly a scene of battle; the few attendants, who still remained with Ali, fought resolutely for their master; several of the Turkish officers were slain; but Ali too, fell in the affray. His head was immediately transmitted to Constantinople, and after being shown to the divan and carried in triumph through the city, was fixed at the grand gate of the seraglio, with the sentence of death by the side of it.

The death of Ali was an important event to the sultan, not merely as freeing him from a dangerous foe, but as enabling him, in a critical emergency, to direct against the Greeks the military strength to which the Albanian Pacha had hitherto given ample occupation. An insurrection gains by every day that passes by, without any progress being made towards its suppression; and the Greeks had not only been able to continue their resistance, but had acquired a considerable increase of strength. Hitherto their arrangements had all been mili

tary. They now resolved to give to their cause, the strength and respectability, which arises from the possession, real or apparent, of a civil constitution. For this purpose, a number of persons, styling themselves (we know not by what right) the legitimate representatives of the Greek people, assembled in what they called a national congress, and on the first day of the present year,* after proclaiming the independence of Greece, promulgated at Epidaurus a lemn instrument purporting to establish a provisional constitution. This document is distributed into titles, chapters, and articles; the following are the most important of the civil arrangements established by it :

SO

Christianity agreeably to the rites and doctrines of the orthodox church of the east, is declared to be the religion of the state; Greek citizens who belong to any other sect of Christians, enjoy all political privileges; those who believe not in Jesus Christ, enjoy only civil rights, with the free exercise of their worship. The number of the members of the legislative body is not fixed, nor will it be fixed, till the promulgation of a definitive law of election. The members of the legislative body must be 30 years of age at least; they are elected only for a year, and are to choose from among themselves a president and vice-president. The executive body is composed of five members, chosen from the legislative body, by an assembly formed for this purpose according to a special law. This Pentarchy

• That is, we believe, according to their calculation; the 13th of January, according to ours.