This triumph was not enough for the janissaries. They demand ed that, for the future, delegates from their body should be called to all deliberations on state affairs. Their demand was complied with. They sacked the palace of the dismissed favourite, and insisted that he and his adherents should not be suffered to live: this, too, was conceded; and the heads of Haleb Effendi, of the grand vizier, of the director of the customs, and of other public functionaries, were exhibited over the great gate of the seraglio. The events of this year dis proved the professions, which Persia made, in 1821, of peaceful intentions towards the Porte, and threw some light on the origin of the quarrel between them. The pachas of the Turkish province of Azzarroon being accustomed to annoy the Persian pilgrims, merchants, and travellers, Abbas Mirza, prince royal of Persia, frequently remonstrated against these outrages, and dispatched missions to Constantinople, to represent the conduct of the Turkish governors to the Ottoman court. Fair promises were made to investigate the complaints; but though the pachas of Azzarroon were frequently changed, similar excesses were repeated. For instance, when some Persian students arrived at Constantinople, on their return to Tabriz from England, the grand seignor and his vizir furnished them with passports, to protect their books, instruments, medicines, and the other contents of their baggage, from impost or search; yet, on their reaching Azzarroon, the passports were disregarded, their baggage was ransacked, and contributions were attempted to be exacted by way of duty. On another occasion, when the Schah of Persia sent two of his wives, accompanied by several noble ladies, on a pilgrimage to Mecca, their persons were indecently searched at Azzarroon, and they were in other respects insulted. The prince royal despatched Aka Mustapha to Constantinople, to complain of this outrage; but the pacha detained him in his way, at Azzarroon, for four months, and then sent him back to Tabriz with excuses and promises of amendment, which were never realized. Soon afterwards, Sadick, who had formerly been pacha of Bagdad, being killed by his successor, his son fled to Tabriz and invoked the prince to assist him with an army against Bagdad, to avenge the murder of his father. This the prince declined, but undertook to obtain redress for him from the Porte, and accordingly sent one of his own servants to accompany the young Sadick to Constantinople, who borea Rakhum from the prince royal to the grand seignor. The pacha of Azzarroon intercepted them, tore the prince's Rakhum to pieces, cut off Sadick's head, and sent back the prince royal's servant to Persia on foot. Finding from these repeated instances of insult, that remonstrance was unavailing, the prince royal determined to retaliate upon the Pacha of Azzarroon. Of this intention he sent notice to the Ottoman Porte, and despatched an army, in the Summer of 1821, into the Turkish province of Wan, on the eastern banks of the Euphrates, inhabited by a race of Christians. The Persians attacked and took possession of the town and fort of Byzied, a public station in the central road from Tabriz to Constantinople. In the winter. the Kayem Makom, wishing to prevent a renewal of hostilities, sent a messenger to the Pacha of Azzarroon, and proposed to mediate between him and the prince of Persia. The messenger returned with an assurance, that a person should be sent to Persia to make peace. After a lapse of four months, during which time the Kayem Makom prevailed on the prince to suspend hostilities, intelligence was received, that an army of 10,000 men was collected in Azzarroon, and that large preparation was making for a renewal of the war. At the same time Hosien Khan, the king's sirdar or governor of Erivan, the capital of Armenia, sent advices, that the Turkish troops were on the eve of commencing an attack in that quarter, and urged the prince to secure the boundary and cut them off from Armenia. The prince accordingly instructed the Sirdar to advance from Erivan and attack the troops on their way from Azzarroon. The Sirdar did so, and took possession of the town of Korse, a frontier military station of the Turks near Armenia, and lying between Erivan and Azzar roon. The Persians were subsequently joined by Selim Pacha, a Kurdish rebel, by whose aid they were enabled to obtain considerable advantages. The prince royal him self, on the 1st of July, marched from Tabriz with his army; and, on the 3rd of August, attacked the Turks, who, in less than an hour, were completely defeated, with the loss of their tents and baggage, ten 4-pounders, two 12pounders, one 14-pounder, one 16pounder, and one mortar. The Persians pursued them to within two days' march of Azzarroon; and there was every probability that that place would have fallen into their hands, but the choleramorbus began to prevail among the victorious troops, and fatigue rendering the disease mortal, the prince royal and his army returned to Tabriz with the spoils they had taken. At the same time, the Schah himself directed his march against Bagdad; the inhabitants of which, it was supposed, were extremely inclined to open their gates to him. Among his retinue was that Abbas Mirza, who had so long resided in London as ambassador. The internal dissensions, which had distracted Morocco, came this year to a conclusion. Muley Zeid, the competitor for the throne, was delivered up to his uncle Muley Solomon, and imprisoned. The authority of the aged emperor was completely re-established both in old Fez and Tetuan. CHAP. XV. THE UNITED STATES-Their Recognition of the South American Governments-The Canadian Boundary settled-Award of the Emperor of Russia with respect to the Treaty of Ghent-Commercial Relations with France-Their Revenue-President's SpeechCOLUMBIA-Siege of Porto Cabello-Operations of Morales-Quito submits to Bolivar-Zea's proceedings in Europe-PERU-Military Operation and Positions of San Martin and the Spaniards-San Martin's Assumption of Power-Separation of Lord Cochrane from San Martin-CHILI-The Congress-Dismissal of the Supreme Director-Appointment of a Junta at BUENOS AYRES-MEXICO-Iturbide proclaimed Emperor-Discontent-Iturbide's Tyranny HAYTI Porto Rico-Affray with the Chinese; and Hayti Interruption of the English Trade at Canton. T HE United States continued to pursue the quiet tenor of their way, attentive to develope every source of internal prosperity and watchful in observing every external event that might affect their interests. On the 8th of March, a message of the president recommended to the congress the recognition of the independence of the South American republics. The committee, to whom the message was referred, reported in favour of the proposition, and the report was affirmed in the House of Representatives, with only one dissenting voice. The measure was finally ratified, notwithstanding the vain remonstrances and protests of the Spanish ambassador; and the sum of a hundred thousand dollars was appropriated, to meet the charges of diplomatic intercourse with the new governments. The boundary between the United States and our Canadian possessions, was settled by commis sioners appointed for the purpose. In the decision, our commissioners, it was said, shewed either great ignorance of or great inattention to the interests of our colonists; for the frontier line was so drawn, as in some parts to deprive us of the benefit of the navigation of the St. Lawrence. The first article of the treaty of Ghent, stipulated that "all territory, places, and possessions, taken by either party from the other, during the war, or which might be taken after the signing of the treaty, excepting only the islands thereinafter mentioned, shall be restored without delay, and without causing any destruction, or carrying away any of the artillery, or other property originally captured in said forts or places, which should remain therein upon the exchange of the ratifications of the said treaty, or any slaves or other private property." Doubts having afterwards arisen with respect to the construction of this article, the points in dispute were, by a subsequent convention, referred to the arbitration of the emperor of Russia. His award was now given: "the emperor," said this award, "is of opinion, that the United States of America are entitled to a just indemnification for all the private property carried away by the British forces; and as the question regards slaves more especially, for all such slaves as were carried away by the British forces from the places and territories of which the restitution is stipulated by the treaty, in quitting the said places and territories: And further, that the United States are entitled to consider as having been so carried away, all such slaves as may have been transported from the abovementioned territories on board of the British vessels within the waters of the said territories, and who for this reason have not been restored." The measures of reprisal, pursued by the American government, compelled France to abolish the heavy tonnage duty on American ships; and a treaty of navigation, on terms of reciprocity, was concluded between them. The finances of the Union were in a flourishing state. The receipts into the Treasury for the three quarters ending with the 30th September, 1822, amounted to 14,745,000 dollars; the payments fell short of the receipts by nearly 2,500,000 dollars, besides discharging all current expenses, including the interest and re-imbursement of the debt: part of the 6 per cent stock was redeemed; and it was estimated, that on the 1st of January, 1823, the absolute balance in the Treasury would be nearly three millions of dollars. The gross amount of duties, from the 1st of January to the 30th of September, 1822, exceeded 19,500,000 dollars; and, on the 1st of January 1823, was expected to reach the amount of 23,000,000 dollars. The congress met on the 3rd of Dec. 1822. The speech of the president gave, as usual, a distinct and very flattering view of the situation of the country. The president stated in it, that the native manufactures had been augmented, and earnestly pressed the encouragement of them on the attention of the congress. He denominated freedom of commerce an abstract doctrine, and thought that the duties on certain foreign articles might be increased with advantage. The congress of Columbia, assembled at Sta. Fé de Bogota was occupied in giving an internal organization to a country, which, after years of desolating war, had now a reasonable prospect of enjoying a period of peace. Its independence was firmly established; and it found some additional security in the steps which Yucatan and the Isthmus of Panama took, to throw off the yoke of Spanish supremacy. The siege of Porto Cabello was continued; and though some advantageous positions close to it were carried by the republicans, the fortress itself still remained in the hands of the Spaniards. It was too strong to be carried by storm; and the superiority of the Spanish squadron rendered the blockade ineffectual, by giving the besieged the means of constant naval communication. Morales, the Spanish general, availed himself of this advantage, to make frequent descents on various parts of the coast, by which he gained the treble benefit of harassing the enemy, of procuring supplies of necessaries, and of enriching his troops with plunder, while at the same time he ran little risk of having his retreat cut off. In these expeditions, he sustained many checks; but whenever fortune failed him, he hastened back to his fortress, and having there recruited himself, soon sallied forth again. Thus on the 11th of August, he was defeated in an attempt on Valencia and Caraccas, and was forced to retreat to Porto Cabello: yet, on the 26th of August, he was again at sea, dispersed a Columbian detachment which opposed him, and took temporary possession of Maracaibo. The president Bolivar, choosing for himself a more easy and more dazzling task than that of reducing Porto Cabello, proceeded with a considerable force towards Quito, in order to annex that province to the Columbian republic. He was opposed by an army of royalists which was commanded by general Murgeon, the late governor of Panama: on the other hand, a division of San Martin's army advanced from the South to cooperate with him. Two engagements took place at Bombona and Pichincha, in both of which the independents were victorious. The Spanish troops having then capitulated, Bolivar entered Pastos on the 8th of June. Quito had been occupied in his name on the 25th of May. He afterwards repaired to Guyaquil. Columbia undoubtedly was now independent de facto; and a M. Zea, who had for some time acted as her agent in Europe, determined that the new republic should be forthwith acknowledged by foreign powers. For this purpose, he presented to the French minister for foreign affairs, and to all the foreign ambassadors at Paris, a very long note, in which he demanded the recognition of Columbia; and, to induce them to make that recognition, stated the intentions of his government. These were in substancethat Columbia would not communicate with governments, which did not on their side recognize her independence; that all commerce, access, abode in the ports and territory of Columbia, would be open and ensured with full liberty, safety, toleration and reciprocity, to all nations whose governments should recognize that of Columbia; that those same ports and territory should remain closed against the subjects of such states as should not recognize that of Columbia; that delays should be established for admission to the ports and territory of Columbia, proportioned to the delay which the proposed recognition should experience; and that measures would be taken by the government of Columbia to prohibit all merchandise coming from countries, the governments of which refused or delayed to recognize it. This document was, in every respect, an instance of extreme folly; and formed a strong contrast to the prudence of Buenos Ayres, and Chilé, which, though they had been independent for years, had never thought it worth their while to make the demand, on which M. Zea now so boldly insisted. His note produced no recognitions; yet the ports of Columbia continued open. In Peru, the royalists had retired into the mountainous district southward of Lima, where they mustered a considerable strength |