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CONTENTS.
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
CHAPTER I.
COMPLAINTS of the Agricultural Interest-Remedies proposed, and Lan-
guage held at their Meetings-Conduct of the Nobility-Nature and ex-
tent of the Agricultural Distress-Union of the Grenvilles with the Ministry
-Clamours on that Subject-Resignation of Lord Sidmouth, who is suc-
ceeded by Mr. Peel-Administration of Ireland-Effect of placing the
Government of Ireland in the hands of the friends of the Catholics-Pro-
ceedings in Dublin-State of Munster-Various outrages in the County of
Cork-Engagements between the Insurgents and the Military in the month
of January-State of Kerry, Tipperary, Limerick, Kilkenny, &c.-
Symptoms of disturbance in Leinster and Ulster-Fundamental causes of
the evils existing in Ireland.
[1
CHAPTER II.
Opening of Parliament-King's Speech-Address voted in the House of
Lords Speeches of Lord Lansdown and Lord Liverpool-Address moved
in the House of Commons-Amendments proposed by Sir Francis Burdett
and Mr. Hume-Debates on these Amendments-Measures proposed with
respect to Ireland-Provisions of the Insurrection Act-Suspension of the
Habeas Corpus Act in Ireland-Grounds on which these Measures were
brought forward-The objections made to them-Debates in the House of
Commons on these Measures-Amendments proposed by Mr. S. Rice and
Mr. Denman-Debates on these Bills in the House of Lords-Amendment
proposed by Lord King-Indemnity to those who had seized Arms or Gun-
powder-Severe Restrictions on the Importation, Possession, or Sale of
Fire-arms and Gun-powder-Exertions of the Irish Government-State of
Ireland under the Operation of the new Acts-Convictions and Executions
under the Special Commission and at the Assizes-Partial diminution of
the Outrages-Different Classes of Persons who engaged in these Outrages
-The Operation of Tithes and Taxes in producing the Irish Outrages
much over-rated-Oppression by the abuse of local Rates and Assessments
-The Smugglers and illicit Distillers probably concerned in promoting the
Disturbances. [16
CHAPTER III.
Famine in Connaught and Munster-Comparative tranquillity of the Country
-The causes of the sudden appearance of the Famine, and of its being
confined to particular districts-Measures adopted by Parliament and by
the Irish Government, for the mitigation of the Famine-General Contri-
butions and Subscriptions in London, and every part of England-Appli-
cation of the Subscriptions to relieve the Distress-Appropriation of the
Surplus-Renewal of the Insurrection Act-Grounds alleged for the
necessity of this Measure-Objections to it-Provisions of the Constabulary
Act-Debate on this Bill-It is opposed by Mr. C. Grant-Provisions of
the Act concerning Leases of Irish Tithes-Mr. Hume's Motion on Irish
Tithes-Sir John Newport's Amendment-Lord Lansdown's Motion on
the state of Ireland-His views opposed by the Lord Chancellor and Lord
Liverpool-The Disturbances in Munster increase-Changes in the Irish
Magistracy-Anti-Orange Policy of Lord Wellesley-His Unpopularity in
Dublin-He is insulted in the Theatre-Legal Proceedings-Remarks on
Lord Wellesley's Policy. [33
CHAPTER IV.
Mr. Canning's Bill for the admission of Catholic Peers to the rights of Sitting
and Voting in the House of Lords-Mr. Canning's course of argument in
support of it-The grounds of Mr. Peel's opposition-Mr. Plunkett sup-
ports the Bill-Discussion of the Measure in its subsequent stages in the
House of Commons-Its progress in the Lords-Opposed by Lord
Colchester-The Lord Chancellor exposes the fallacy of the grounds on
which the merits of the Measure had been placed by Mr. Canning, and its
advocates-Course of Lord Grey's Argument-Lord Liverpool's Speech-
The Bill is rejected-Remarks on the confined Position in which the
Patrons of the Measure placed themselves, and the unsatisfactory course of
argument into which they were thereby driven-Remarks on the Measure
itself Lord John Russell's Motion on Parliamentary Reform-Topics em-
ployed by him-Mr. Canning's Speech-Mr. Brougham's Motion on the
Influence of the Crown-Rejection of the Bill for Dividing the County of
York with respect to the Election of County Members-Lord A. Hamil
ton's Plan of Scotch Burgh Reform-The Lord Advocate's Bill for the Re-
gulation of the Expenditure of Scotch Burghs.
[56
CHAPTER V.
Sir James Mackintosh's Motion respecting the Criminal Law; Opposed by
the Attorney General-Law to extend the Punishment of Hard Labour-
The severity of the Laws increased against Receivers of Stolen Securities
for Money, Manslaughter, &c.-Mr. Martin's Bill against the Improper
Treatment of Cattle-Alterations in the Bankrupt Laws-New Marriage
Act; totally altered in the House of Lords; difference of the Principle of
the Bill as passed by the Commons, and of the Bill as it finally passed;
keen Opposition to it in the House of Lords-Alteration of the Law rela-
tive to the Composition of Scotch Juries-Mr. Abercromby's Motion for
inquiry into the Conduct of the Law Officers of the Crown in Scotland,
with respect to the Public Press-Nature of the Charges against the Lord
Advocate-His Defence-Letters of Mr. Hope and Mr. Menzies, on the
Subject of Mr. Abercromby's Charges-These Letters Voted to be a Breach
of Privilege Subsequent Proceedings towards Mr. Hope and Mr.
Menzies-Remarks on this Affair. [82
CHAPTER VI.
Agricultural Distresses-Mr. Brougham's Motion for relieving them by a
diminution of Taxes-The Plans proposed by Government for their Relief
-Revival of the Agricultural Committee-Different Schemes proposed for
a new system of Corn Laws-Lord Londonderry abandons the Scheme for a
Loan to the Agricultural Interest-Different Schemes of Corn Laws, pro-
posed by Sir T. Lethbridge, Mr. Bennet, Lord Althorp, Mr. Huskisson and
Mr. Ricardo, rejected-Scheme proposed by Lord Londonderry adopted-
Mr. Western's Motion on the Currency; views of Mr. Huskisson and Mr.
Attwood on that Subject—Mr. Western renews his Motion-State of our
Manufactures-Five Acts passed for the Improvement of our Navigation
Laws-Negotiation with the East India Company-Fees of Consuls. [98
CHAPTER VII.
Finance-Reduction of the Navy 5 per Cents-Mr. Vansittart's plan for that
purpose-Objections to it-Scheme for the payment of the Naval and
Military Pensions, and Half-pay, and Civil Superannuations-True nature
of the Scheme-Delusion of Mr. Vansittart with respect to it-Debates on
it-Mr. Hume's Amendment rejected-The Scheme is approved by Par-
liament-Fails for want of Contractors-It is re-modelled by Ministers
and carried into effect-Scheme for the Reduction of Salaries, and the
Creation of a Superannuation Fund-Repeal of the Annual Malt Duty-
Mr. Calcraft's Motion for the repeal of the Salt-tax lost by a Majority of
Four-The Two junior Lords of the Admiralty reduced by a Majority of
Fifty-four-Two Motions for the Reduction of One of the Two Postmasters
General The Second Motion carried by a Majority of Fifteen-Mr.
Creevey's Motion on the Board of Control is rejected-Two Motions on
our Diplomatic Expenditure are rejected-Further Reduction of Taxes-
The Salt Tax-Leather Tax-Tonnage Duty-Irish Window and Hearth
Tax-Estimates-Budget of the Year-Mr. Hume's Resolutions relative
to our Financial System-Vote for the Printing of our Ancient Historians.
[127
CHAPTER VIII.
Foreign Relations-Question of Interference in behalf of the Greeks-Lord
Grosvenor's Motion concerning the Sciote Hostages-Lord Liverpool's ac-
count of our Policy towards the Turks and Greeks-Our relations to the
States of South America-The Slave Trade-Slavery at the Cape of Good
Hope-West-Indian Piracy-Alien Bill-The Ionian Islands-Bills
relating to the Trade and Government of Canada-Colonial Commission--
Report of the Commissioners on the Colony of New South Wales.
CHAPTER IX.
[157
Motions respecting Sir Robert Wilson's Dismissal-The Queen's Funeral-
Mr. Hunt's Imprisonment-The Conduct of the Bishop of Peterborough-
Prorogation of Parliament, and Speech from the Throne-His Majesty's
Visit to Scotland-Death of Lord Londonderry-His Funeral-His
Character-Mr. Canning succeeds him-Other Official Appointments-
Foreign Stocks.
CHAPTER X.
[177
FRANCE-Opening of the Session of the Chambers in November 1821-
Budget for 1822-Anti-Ministerial Address to the King voted by the
Chamber of Deputies-Opposition of the Ministers to this Address-
King's Answer-Resignation of the Duc de Richelieu and his Colleagues-
New and Ultra-Royalist Ministry-Causes of the downfall of the late
Ministry-Various Discussions in the Chamber of Deputies-M. de
Peyronnet brings forward a Law for regulating Journals and Periodical
Writings-Mode in which the proposal of this Law was received-Remarks
on its Nature-Law for the General Regulation of the Press-Character of
the Debates on these Laws in the Chamber of Deputies-Talleyrand's
Speech against them-They are passed by large Majorities-Opening of a
new Session of the Chambers in June 1822-Estimated Budget for 1823-
Debates on Commercial Policy, on the internal Police of the Country, and
on the Policy of France towards Spain-Remarkable Language held by the
Minister for Foreign Affairs on the Subject of Spain-Remarks on the con-
duct of the Opposition in the Chamber of Deputies during the present year
-Internal disturbances-Conspiracies at Saumur and Belfort-Caron's
Conspiracy-Conspiracies at Toulon, Rochefort, Brest, and Nantes-
General Berton's Conspiracy; its origin and progress; it breaks out at
Thouars; Berton marches upon Saumur; his failure-Trial of Berton
and his Associates-Circumstances connected with this Trial; attempt to
implicate some eminent Members of the Opposition in Berton's projects;
punishment of an Advocate for refusing to defend Berton-Conspiracy of
La Rochelle-Its alleged Connection with the System of the Carbonari;
its Origin; its Discovery; Trial of the Conspirators-Remarks on these
Trials-Numerous and Intemperate Prosecutions for Offences of the Press
-Violent jealousy of the French Ministry-Tumults in Paris-Changes
in the Subordinate Functionaries-New Elections of Deputies--Congress
of Verona-Subjects of Discussion at the Congress-Results of the Con-
gress-The conduct of France towards Spain-Difference of views between
M. de Montmorency and M. de Villèle-Resignation of M. de Montmo-
rency-Note of M. de Villèle to the French Ambassador at Madrid. [187
CHAPTER XI.
Kingdom of the NETHERLANDS-Agricultural distress-Proceedings of the
States-general-Military Expedition in Sumatra-Commerce of the Eas-
tern Colonies of the Netherlands- -GERMANY: Prohibitory Commercial
System towards France adopted by Bavaria, Wirtemburg, &c.---German
West-Indian Company-Circular of the Court of Vienna to the Members
of the German Confederation-Secret Societies-Prussian Loan-RUSSIA:
Symptoms of Political Fermentation in Poland-Russian Army-Suppres-
sion of Secret Societies-New Tariff-New Loan-Scheme for preventing
the Evils of occasional Dearths-Siberia-Russian Pretensions on the
North-Western Coast of America.
[222
CHAPTER XII.
SPAIN State of Spain in the beginning of the year-Submission of Cadiz
and the other refractory Cities-Resignation of the Ministers-Barcelona
-Valencia-The Cortes-Discussions on the relations between Spain and
South America-Tumults-Dissolution of the Extraordinary Cortes-New
Ministry-Opening of the New Cortes-Budget of the Year-Disturbances
at Pampeluna, Madrid, Lorca, Valencia-Accusatory Address of the
Cortes to the King-Decrees showing a jealousy of France-Prorogation of
the Cortes-Disturbances in Madrid-Assassination of Landaburu-
Mutiny of the Guards-Their Defeat-Negotiations with the King-Final
surrender of the Guards-Revolt of the Carabineers at Cordova-Plot at
Cadiz-Address of the Municipality of Madrid to the King-Appointment
of an ultra-liberal Ministry-Banishments-Trial and Execution of Elio---
Remarks on this Proceeding-The Armies of the Faith-Their progress in
Navarre, Catalonia, and Arragon-Establishment of a Regency at Seo
d'Urgel-Situation of the Armies of the Faith in the beginning of Sep-
tember-Mina is appointed to Command in Catalonia-Operations of
Mina and D'Eroles-Castelfollit taken by the Constitutionalists and
destroyed-Quesada Defeated-O'Donnel's Proclamation— Mina enters
Puycerda and Llivia-Flight of the Regency of Urgel-Siege of Seo
d'Urgel-Progress made in the interior Provinces in the Suppression of
Insurrection-Convocation and Opening of an Extraordinary Cortes-
Revival of popular Clubs-Law to regulate them-Report on the State of
Spain-Measures adopted with a view to the Resistance of Foreign
Aggression-Arbitrary Punishments and Prosecutions for Political
[231
Offences.
CHAPTER XIII.
PORTUGAL-State of the Relations between Portugal and the Brazils-
Decrees of the Cortes ordering separate Provincial Governments to be
Established, and the Prince to return to Europe-Addresses to the Prince
from Santo Paulo, and the Camara of Rio Janeiro-The Prince determines
to remain in the Brazils-Opposition of the Portuguese Troops-They are
embarked for Europe-The Portuguese Troops are sent away from Per-
nambuco-Decree of the 16th of February, creating a Council of Repre-
sentatives-New Title assumed by the Prince Regent-Council of Repre-
sentatives assembles-Declaration of Brazilian Sovereignty, and Convoca-
tion of a Constituent and Legislative Assembly--Formal Declaration of
Independence-The Prince is declared Emperor of Brazil-The Portuguese
Troops at Bahia retain Military Possession of that Place-Transactions at
Bahia-The Garrison of Monte Video adhere to Portugal-Three succes-
sive Sets of Resolutions adopted by the Cortes of Lisbon in reference to
three different Stages in the Course of Affairs in the Brazils-The Consti-
tution completed and sworn to by the King at Lisbon-The Queen refuses
to take the Oath to the Constitution-Harsh Proceedings towards her-
Termination of the Constituent Cortes-Arbitrary Imprisonments-
Alleged Conspiracy-Symptoms of Discontent among the Garrison of
Lisbon [258
CHAPTER XIV.
ITALY-NAPLES-SARDINIA-IONIAN ISLANDS-TURKEY-Death of Ali
Pacha-Greek Constitution-Blockade declared by the Greek Congress-
Military Operations in Albania and the Morea-Naval Operations-
Devastation of Scio, and Murder of the Hostages-Disaster of the Turkish
Fleet, and Death of the Capitan Pasha-Turkish Cruelties in Cyprus-
Negotiations with Russia-The Turkish Troops withdrawn from Wallachia
and Moldavia-Insurrections of the Janissaries-Dismissal and Death of
Haleb Effendi and his Party-Origin and Progress of the Persian War—
Morocco
[270
CHAPTER XV.
THE UNITED STATES-Their Recognition of the South American Govern-
ments-The Canadian Boundary settled-Award of the Emperor of