X (into) that the numbers between which it stands is to be multiplied.

(by) that the number which stands before it is to be divided by that which follows.

= (equal) that the numbers between which it stands are equal to each other.

In learning the above and the following tables, the Pupil is required at first to commit to memory only those portions which are over the thick angular lines: thus, in the above:-4 farthings make one penny; 12 pence make one shilling; 20 shillings make one pound; and 21 shillings make one guinea.