DICKINSON COLLEGE. An institution of higher education, situated at Carlisle, Pa. It was founded in 1783 and derived its name from John Dickinson, president of the Supreme Execu tive Council of Pennsylvania, and one of the college's largest benefactors. For twenty-five years the institution prospered; but in 1815 the interference of the trustees in the matters of dis

cipline became so persistent that both president and instructors resigned. Repeated attempts to reopen the college met with small success, and it was not until 1833, under an amended charter closely delimiting the jurisdiction of the trustees, that the college became firmly reestablished. Before that time it had been, though undenominational, under Presbyterian influence; under the new arrangement it passed to the control of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Dickinson comprises the college proper, the law school, and a closely affiliated preparatory school. The law school, organized in 1834, but discontinued from 1882 to 1890, offers the degree LL.B. The college confers the bachelor degree in arts, science, and philosophy. The buildings include: South College, East College, the Tome Scientific Building, the James W. Bosler Memorial Hall, and the Denny Memorial Hall. The library contains about 35,000 volumes. The student enrollment, including that of the preparatory school, approximates 500. The endowment funds amount to $400,000, and the value of the college buildings and grounds to $440,000.

DICK'S COFFEE-HOUSE. A London coffeehouse, originally called 'Richard's,' after Richard Torner or Turner, who was its first proprietor (1680). The building still stands, on the south side of Fleet Street (No. 8), near the Temple. The poet Cowper, during his residence in the latter place, is said to have been one of its habitués.

DICK'SON, Sir JAMES ROBERT (1832-1901). An Australian statesman. He was born at Plymouth, England, and was educated in Glasgow, Scotland, where he began his business career in a bank. He emigrated to Australia in 1854 and settled first in Victoria, whence he removed to New South Wales, and afterwards, in 1862, to Queensland. His political career began in 1872, when he was elected to the Queensland House of Assembly. In 1876 he entered the Cabinet of Arthur Macalester, as Minister of Public Works. He held the position of Treasurer of the colony in various cabinets from 1876 to 1879, and 1883

to 1887. From 1889 to 1892 he lived in Europe, returning in the latter year to conduct a campaign in favor of introducing Polynesian labor in the Queensland sugar plantations. In 1897 he entered the Nelson Cabinet as Secretary for Railways. In March, 1898, he became Secretary for Home Affairs, and in October following he suc ceeded Thomas J. Byrnes as Premier. In this position, in the face of a hostile majority in the Assembly, he threw himself into the fight for an Australian Commonwealth, secured the passage of a measure providing for the submission of the question to the people, and after an active campaign obtained a good majority at the polls in favor of federation. He resigned the Premiership in November, 1899, and early in 1900 visited London as a delegate from Queensland to discuss the affairs of the proposed Commonwealth. On his return to Australia he was selected Minister of Defense of the first Federal Cabinet, but died sud

denly ten days after the inauguration of the new Government.

DICKSON, dêk'sôn, Baron OSCAR VON (182397). A Swedish merchant noted for his munificent support of the exploring enterprises of Baron Nordenskjöld. He was born at Göteborg, of Scottish ancestry, and was long a member of don. He was a member of many learned societies the firm of Dickson & Co. in Göteborg and Lonboth in London and abroad, and gave liberal pecuniary support to North Pole enterprises, particularly those undertaken by Baron Nordenskjöld after 1868. In recognition of his distinguished public services, he was ennobled in 1880, the title of 'Baron' being conferred on him in 1885. Dickson Harbor and various other points in the Arctic regions have been named in his honor.

DICK'SON, SAMUEL HENRY (1798-1872). An American physician. He was born in Charleston, S. C., graduated at Yale in 1814, and in 1819 received the degree of M.D. at the University of Pennsylvania. He was appointed to the professorship of the institutes and practice of medicine in the medical school of Charleston, S. C., in 1824, was professor of the practice of medicine in the University of New York from 1847 to 1850; in 1858 accepted the chair of the practice of medicine at Jefferson College in Philadelphia. He published many volumes and papers on medical subjects, including Studies in Pathology and Therapeutics (1867).

Be

DICKSON, WILLIAM PURDIE, D.D. (1823—). A Church of Scotland theologian. He was born at Pettinain Manse, Lanarkshire, October 22, 1823; graduated at Saint Andrews; was, from 1863 to 1895, a divinity professor in Glasgow University, and is now professor emeritus. sides translating Mommsen's History of Rome (4 vols., rev. ed. 1895) and Roman Provinces (1887), and Meyer's Commentary on the New Testament (10 vols., 1873-80), he delivered the Baird lectures of 1883, Saint Paul's Use of the Terms Flesh and Spirit (1883).

DIC'LINOUS PLANT (Gk. di-, di-, double + kλíveiv, klinein, to incline). A plant which has stamens and pistils in separate flowers. If the two kinds of flowers are on the same individual, the plant is called 'monecious'; if on different individuals, 'diœcious.' See POLLINATION.

di, double + KOTU2y8wv, kotyledon, cup-shaped, DI'COTYLE'DONS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. dt-, hollow, from korún, kotyle, cavity). The larger and more important of the two groups of flowering plants, angiosperms (q.v.). Its members represent the culmination of the plant kingdom, and are the most conspicuous and the most modern of plants. More than 80.000 species have been described, and the actual number is probably over 100,000. The chief characters which distinguish them from monocotyledons, the other group of angiosperms, are an embryo with lateral cotyledons (usually two); the vascular bundles of the stem forming a hollow cylinder, which means an annual increase in the diameter of woody stems; an open system of venation, which means that the veinlets end freely in the tissues of the leaf or in the margins, often resulting in various forms of toothing, lobing, and branching; and flowers whose tendency is to dis