Lewis calls attention to the fact that leading ideas, delusional or otherwise, prevailing in the pre-paroxysmal stage, are likely to become operative in conditions of post-epileptic automatism and during psychic equivalents. It is a hard task to decide whether an epileptic is accountable and should be punished for crimes committed during a psychical manifestation, equivalent or postepileptic. The epileptic will perform automatically complex acts that have the very appearance of deliberate volition. The discovery of motive in an interparoxysmal complaint or threat is not proof of the responsibility of the patient for crime committed during the attack.

A just disposal will be made of these criminals and of the malingerers for whom their legal advocates enter a plea of transient insanity due to epilepsy, when they are promptly confined in a hospital under the eye of a competent alienist, that their inter-paroxysmal mental state may be studied, and the pre-paroxysmal and post-paroxysmal stages of subsequent attacks may be observed. Study of the intervallary period will generally prove barren of result; rarely will it afford us evidence of a mind governed by delusions. Study of the conditions immediately antecedent and subsequent to the attacks will give us evidence as to the presence of genuine automatism, of uncontrollable impulse, or of blind fury operating during reductions in consciousness.

EPILEPSY IN THE LOWER ANIMALS. Some of the lower animals are subject to epileptic fits. The disease is common in dogs, cats, and highly bred pigs. The creatures writhe with involuntary spasms, and are for the time without sight or hearing. Sometimes the muscles of the throat are so involved that fatal suffocation occurs. The attack is generally preceded by dullness, and lasts from ten to thirty minutes. It is generally trace able to torpidity or irregularity of the bowels, worms, delibity, or plethora. In dogs it is a frequent sequel to distemper. In cattle it usually occurs in connection with the engorgement of the first or third stomach; they throw themselves violently about, bellowing loudly, but seldom die. It is rare in horses, and differs from megrims, for which it is often mistaken, but in which there are no spasms. The treatment consists in freely opening the bowels, removing worms if any are present, enjoining bleeding and spare diet if the patient's condition is high, and generous feeding and tonics where it is low. The best preventives are carefully regulated diet, an occasional laxative, with a course of tonics, and especially of arsenic. Good results may be obtained in the treatment of cattle by giving four drams of bromide of potash three times daily.

Consult: Gowers, Diseases of the Nervous System (London, 1881); Lewis, A Textbook of Mental Diseases (London, 1889); A Textbook on Nervous Diseases, edited by Dercum (Philadelphia and New York, 1900).

EPILEPTIC COL'ONY. An establishment that differs from an asylum or a hospital for epileptic patients, in that it consists not of one building or a group of buildings in which the patients are kept for treatment, but of a large farm, in which groups of epileptics live in cottages or in many segregated buildings, and spend their time in gardens, out of doors, or in workshops, schoolhouses, gymnasia, amusement buildings, and chapels, hospitals, and libraries. The greatest improvement in previously hopeless cases and

VOL VI.-51.

the largest proportion of cures are secured in the colony system, with little drugging and with natu ral and hygienic conditions of life. The first epileptic colony, that of Bethel, at Bielefeld, `in the Prussian Province of Westphalia, was established with four patients. The celebrated pastor, Friederich von Bodelschwingh, first took charge of it in 1872. It has been marvelously successful. With its officers, physicians, nurses, and employees, and over 1600 epileptics, the colony contains over 3600 persons.

The patients are about equally divided in number between the sexes. About 8 per cent. are cured; about 21 per cent. are discharged improved; about 21 per cent. leave unimproved; about 20 per cent. die. About 61 per cent. of the cured are under 18 years of age. Only 47 out of over 5000 patients have been turned over to insane asylums.

Several other colonies have been established in Germany; there is one in Zurich, Switzerland; one in Holland; and one was established at La Force, near Lyons, France, by John Bost, a clergyman. At Chalfont Saint Peter, England, a farm of 135 acres was purchased in 1893 by the National Society for the Employment of Epileptics, and the first building was opened for patients in August, 1894. There are six houses, with accommodations for 66 men, 24 women, 24 girls, and 24 boys. England's second colony for epileptics was established at Warford, near Alderley, Cheshire, in 1900, upon an estate of 400 acres. Detached buildings capable of holding 24 inmates have been erected.

The Craig Colony of New York, at Sonyea, the most nearly complete and most extensive in this country, was informally opened for patients February 1, 1896, starting with 1900 acres of wellcultivated fields, fine orchards, and productive market-gardens, with about thirty buildings already thereon; residences, barns, and shops, the latter used in broom-making, canning fruits and vegetables, etc. On the grounds are building-stone quarries, brick-clay deposits, and many acres of standing timber. A sawmill and a flouring-mill stand on a rapid stream, which divides the tract of land into halves. The property formerly was the site of a settlement of thrifty Shakers. It is the largest in use for this purpose in the world, and is ideal in situation and facilities. An athletic field has been built where the patients engage in bicycling, tennis, baseball, and track sports. There is a military company of boys and young men, which has regular drills. A band of about twenty pieces gives concerts from time to time. Instruction is given, at the schools, in reading, writing, letter-composition, language, arithmetic, drawing, kindergarten work, clay-modeling, and basket-weaving. There is also a class in manual training. The census, September 30, 1901, was as follows: 440 males, 303 females, total 743. During the previous fiscal year 198 males and 61 females were admitted; the deaths numbered 36; 12 were transferred to asylums as insane; and 80 were discharged. The net gain for the year was 131. The death-rate for the year was less than 5 per cent. The per capita cost of maintenance has decreased with the increase of popula tion. With an average daily attendance of 251 in 1897-98, the annual per capita cost was $300.02. In 1900-01, with an average daily attendance of 676.41, it was $164.42. The total cost of maintenance was $130,641.45, which was reduced by

home production of canned goods, hay, grain, fodder, and vegetables, to $111,147.96.

The State of New Jersey set apart, in 1898, a farm of 187 acres on the Sourland Mountain, near Skillman, Somerset County, for the establishment of an epileptic colony. Later it acquired the adjoining farm of 213 acres, on which buildings are being erected for the reception of the 1000 epileptic patients who are wards of

the

State. The Massachusetts colony for epileptics was opened in 1898 at Monson, and comprises 237 acres, one-half of which is tillable. It shelters over 250 patients. A private corporation, known as the Pennsylvania Epileptic Hospital and Colony Farm, established in 1898 a colony of thirty patients at Oakbourne, on a farm of 110 acres. Illinois began to establish her State epileptic colony at Notch Cliff, near Elsah, in Jersey County, to accommodate the 4000 or 5000 epileptics in the State, and Texas began to establish a colony for epileptics near Abilene in 1902.

EP'ILO'BIUM (Neo-Lat., from Gk. éπí, epi, upon + 20ẞós, lobos, lobe, pod). A genus of plants of the order Onagrarieæ, the members of which have four deciduous sepals, four petals, a much elongated, quadripartite, many-seeded capsule, and seeds tufted with hairs at one end. The species are herbaceous perennials, natives of temper: ate and cold countries, and very widely diffused in both the Northern and the Southern Hemi

spheres. The fireweed (Epilobium angustifoli um) is frequently planted in gardens and shrubberies on account of its numerous and beautiful rose-colored flowers. It is called fireweed, from its very common occurrence in tracts that have been recently burned over, in which places it is one of the first plants to appear. It is found in very northern regions. The pith, when dried, yields a quantity of sugar to boiling water, and is used in Kamchatka for making a kind of ale, from which also vinegar is made.

EPILOGUE (Lat. epilogus, Gk. Enthoуos, conclusion, from ¿ñλéуɛш, epilegein, to say in addition, from έí, epi, upon + Xéyɛiv, legein, to say). In oratory, the summing up or conclusion of a discourse; but, in connection with the drama, it denotes the short speech in prose or verse which frequently, in former times, was subjoined to plays, especially to comedies

EPIMENIDES, èp ́i-měn’i-dēz (Lat., from Gk. Επιμενίδης). A Greek priest of Crete, said to have come to Athens about B.C. 600, and purified the city from the guilt contracted by putting to death the adherents of Cylon (q.v.). The personality of Epimenides early became hidden under a mass of legend, as in the case of other prophets of new religious revelations in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C., when the Orphic movement was at its height, and to him was attached the common folk-tale of a prolonged sleep. To him are attributed the lines cited by Saint Paul (Titus i. 12): "The Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, idle gluttons." He is also said to have written a poem on the voyage of the Argonauts, and numerous oracles. Consult: Schultess, De Epimenide Crete (Göttingen, 1877); Loescheke, Die Enneakrunos-Episode bei Pausanias (Dorpat, 1883); Toepfer, Attische Genealogie 1889); Kern, De Orphei, Epimenidis, Pherecydis Theogoniis (Berlin, 1888); Diels, Epimenides von Kreta (Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie,

(Berlin,

1891); Rohde, Psyche (Freiburg, 1890-94); Demoulin, Epimenide de Crète (Brussels, 1901).

EPIME THEUS (Lat., from Gk. 'EiμnОεús, afterthought). The son of Iapetus and Clymene, brother of Prometheus and husband of Pandora (q.v.), with whom he begot Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion. See PROMETHEUS.

ÉPINAL, A'pê'nàl'. The capital of the French Department of Vosges, situated at the western base of the Vosges Mountains on both banks of the Moselle, 264 miles by rail eastsoutheast of Paris It is a well-built, handsome town, with clean (Map: France, N 3). and regular streets, a number of squares, a hospital, a college, and a library containing a number of valuable old volumes. The departmental museum contains several collections and a fine

picture gallery. Among its chief buildings are the parish church, an antique Gothic structure; the barracks, and the residence of the prefect of the department. There are ruins of an old castle and scanty remains of ramparts of the thirteenth century. Modern forts crown the surrounding hills. A monument commemorates the victims of the war of 1870-71, when the Germans occupied the town after a brief battle. Epinal has a variety of manufactures, including cotton fabrics, wrought-iron, pottery, cutlery, paper, and leather, and has some trade in grain, wine, and timber. Population, in 1901, 28,080.

ÉPINAL GLOSSARY. A glossary of AngloSaxon and Old Saxon, ascribed to the end of the seventh century, and so-called because preserved at Epinal, France. A facsimile has been published by Sweet (London, 1883).

EPINASTY (from Gk.ini, epi, upon +vaorós, nastos, closely packed, from várov, nassein, to press close). In plants, the more rapid growth of a dorsiventral organ upon its upper side, causing the organ to bend downward or to be pressed close to the earth. This may be brought about by various external causes or by unknown internal causes. See GROWTH.

ÉPINAY, â ́pê'nā', LOUISE FLORENCE PÉTRO

VILLE TARDIEU D'ESCLAVELLES DE LA LIVE D' (1726-83). A French writer of memoirs, born at Valenciennes. The friend of noted literary men, among them Diderot, D'Alembert, and Holbach, her relations with Rousseau and F. M. Grimm were more intimate still. She had been unhappily married at nineteen to a cousin, who proved worthless, and in 1756 she retired to a cottage. the famous Hermitage, in the valley of Montmorency, where, during Grimm's absence from France (1775-76), Rousseau resided. There, with Grimm's famous Correspondence with European the help of Diderot, she conducted acceptably Courts. She wrote Les conversations d'Emilie

(1774), a complement to Rousseau's Emile, designed for the education of her granddaughter, and crowned by the Academy in the year of her death, and Mémoires et correspondance (3 vols.. 1818). Consult; Fallue, La Marquise d'Epinay (Paris, 1866); Perey et Maugras, La jeunesse de Madame d'Epinay (Paris, 1882), and Les dernières années de Madame d'Epinay (ib., 1883).

EP'IOR'NIS. See EPYORNIS.

EP'IPHA'NIUS (Lat., from Gk. 'E#ipános, Epiphanios), SAINT (c.315-403). A Christian bishop and writer. He was born of Jewish par

ents in Besanduke, a village near Eleutheropolis, Judea, about 315. He may have been educated among the Egyptian hermits. On his return home at the age of twenty he established a monastery and became its head. He was ordained a priest and rose to the rank of Bishop of Constantia (for merly Salamis) in Cyprus, and continued in that office from 367 till his death, in 403. His monastic zeal covered the island with monasteries and his polemical talents were conspicuously manifested against Origen (q.v.). Among his writings the most important are the Ancoratus, a polemic against Origen; the Anacephalæosis, summaries of theology and ritual; and the Panarion, or catalogue of all heresies (80 in number). As an historian Epiphanius was credulous and one-sided. His works are in Migne, Patrol. Græca, xli.-xliii., and have also been edited by Dindorf (Leipzig, 1859-62). The Panarion is separately edited by F. Oehler (Berlin, 1859-61); the Ancoratus and Anacephalæosis are in German translation in the Kempten library of the Fathers. Consult Lipsius, Zur Quellenkritik des Epiphanius (Vienna, 1865).

EPIPH'ANY (Lat. epiphania, from Gk. πpaveia, epiphaneia, appearance, from pavýjs, epiphanes, evident, from alvei, epiphainein, to appear, from ri, epi, upon + paivew, phainein, to be evident, Skt. bhan, to shine, OIr. bán,

white). A festival held on the 6th of January by the Roman Catholic, Eastern, and Anglican Churches in commemoration of the manifestation of Christ. Three different events are included in this celebration. As early as the third century at least it was observed as the commemoration of the baptism of Christ and His revelation to the world as the Son of God. Later, in the East it was also taken to commemorate the manifestation of divine power in Christ's first miracle at Cana in Galilee. In the Western Church the adoration of the Magi was principally put forward, the baptism being specially mentioned in the service for the octave, and the miracle of Cana on the suc

ceeding Sunday. In both East and West the Epiph any has always been a festival of the highest rank, and in the Eastern Church the privilege still remains of dispensation from abstinence should the day fall on a Friday, which in the Roman Catholic Church is now confined to Christmas. Many special observances are or have been connected with the day, which, under the name of Twelfth Day, Twelfth Night, was a time of special merry-making in England, and closed the Christmas festivities. By provision of the Council of Nicra, the date of Easter for the year (then computed at Alexandria) was, and still is in the Roman Catholic Church, solemnly announced to the faithful on this day. In many places the blessing of water (frequently in rivers), and in some of houses, takes place on this day. Sover eigns commonly offered gold, frankincense, and myrrh at the altar, a custom which was still maintained at the French Court in the fourteenth century, and which the King of England observes to this day in the Chapel Royal, Saint James's. Dramatic representations of the events commemorated took place in churches during mass; some remains of these, performed in private houses, still linger in South Germany and Tyrol. other popular observances, see BEFANA; BEAN KING'S FESTIVAL.

EP'IPHE'GUS. See CANCER-ROOT.

For

EP'IPHYTE (Neo-Lat., from Gk. ¿l, eрi, upon + puróv, phyton, plant, from over, phycin, to produce). A plant which is mechanically, but not physiologically, attached to another plant. Such a plant derives its food chiefly from the air, getting no parasitic nutrition from the plants on which it grows, and hence it is often called an air-plant. Epiphytes are peculiarly characteristic of the tropical evergreen forests. Certain families, particularly orchids, ferns, and bromelias, are rich in epiphytic forms, and many treetrunks in the tropics are covered with a luxuriant growth of vegetation; even the leaves are sometimes clothed with lichens. In the temperate and cold regions of the globe, epiphytes are for the most part restricted to lower forms of plant life, that are able to endure cold or drought without injury, especially mosses, lichens, liverworts, and some forms of algae.

The adaptations of tropical epiphytes are among the most striking of the plant kingdom. There are all degrees of epiphytism, as there are of parasitism, and Schimper has named the various types as follows: Protoëpiphytes' are but little different from soil plants; in fact, they represent soil plants that are often found growing on trees. 'Hemiëpiphytes' are plants which are soil roots and become soil plants (like some speat first true epiphytes, but which later send down gather humus and water in various ways. ‘Ciscies of Ficus). 'Nest epiphytes' are those which tern epiphytes,' of which the bromelias are the type, are the most complete epiphytes of all, the roots being merely holdfast organs, so that all abMany forms, sorption is through the leaves. especially the orchids, have well-developed storage organs, consisting of the swollen stems. Indeed, not alone in these storage organs, but also in the thick skins and in the stomatal adaptations, do epiphytes resemble xerophytes (q.v.) in strucThe accompanying illustrations give a good idea of the character of epiphytic growths.

ture.

In each case a branch has become the home of a to the food of these plants or suffering from varied growth without in any way contributing

their

presence. See ORCHID. EPI'RUS (Lat., from Gk. роç, peiros, mainland). The ancient name of the northwesternmost division of Greece. It was bounded on the east by Thessaly, on the south by the Ambracian Gulf and Etolia, on the west by the Ionian Sea, and on the north by Illyria and Macedonia. On the eastern border was the chain of the Pindus. The chief town was Dodona (q.v.), situated in the only fruitful and wellwatered plain, called Hellopia (now Janina). The rivers Acheron, Oropus, Aracthus, and others flow through rocky valleys. Anciently Epirus was celebrated for its cattle and its breed of Molossian dogs. The region was inhabited by a number of tribes, probably belonging to the illyrian races, and generally believed by the Greeks not to be of pure Hellenic blood. The Greeks first came in contact with the chief coast tribes, the Thesprotians on the south and the Chaonians on the north. The third great tribe, the Molossians, in the interior, seem to have been but little touched by Greek influence before B.C. 400. About the beginning of the third century B.C., however, their King, Pyrrhus (q.v.), one of the most powerful princes of his time, succeeded in uniting Epirus under his rule. After his