AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. ART. 196.-Avoirdupois Weight is used in weighing everything in common use, and the metals, except gold and silver. The unit is the pound, equal in weight to 7,000 grains Troy, or the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water at 39.2° Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 inches. In Great Britain 28 pounds make a quarter, 112 pounds a hundred weight, and 2,240 pounds a ton, known in this country as the gross or long ton. It is used in weighing coal at the mines, chalk in ballast, and in calculating duties on goods brought from England. 1. Change T. 11 cwt. 15 lb. 10 oz. to oz. Process. T. cwt. lb. Oz. 20 151 100 15115 16 90700 15115 241850 Analysis. Since in 1 ton there are 20 cwt., in 7 tons there are 7 times 20 cwt. = 140 cwt., to which the 11 cwt. given are added = 151 cwt. Since in 1 cwt. there are 100 lb., in 151 cwt. there are 151 times 100 lb. = 15100 lb., to which the 15 lb. given are added = 15115 lb. Since in 1 lb. there are 16 oz., in 15115 lb. there are 15115 times 16 oz. = 241840 oz., to which the ten oz. given are added = 241850 oz. ART. 197.-Rule for Reduction Descending.-Multiply the highest denomination by the number of units of the next lower denomination required to make a unit of the higher; add to the product the given number, if any, of the lower denomination. Proceed in like manner with each successive denomination until the required denomination is reached. 2. Change 241850 oz. to higher denominations. Process. 16)241850 100)15115 20)151 +10 oz. + 15 lb. 7 T. +11 cwt. Analysis. Since there are 16 oz. in 1 lb., in 241850 oz. there are as many lb. as 16 oz. is contained times in 241850 oz., or 15115 lb., with 10 oz. remaining. Since there are 100 lb. in 1 cwt., in 15115 lb. there are as many cwt. as 100 lb. is contained times in 15115 lb., or 151 cwt., with 15 lb. remaining. Since there are 20 cwt. in 1 T., in 151 cwt. there are as many tons as 20 cwt. is contained times in 151 cwt., or 7 T., with 11 cwt. remaining. Therefore, 241850 oz. 7 T. 11 cwt. 15 lb. 10 oz. ART. 198.-Rule for Reduction Ascending. Divide the given denominate number by the number of units required to make one of the next higher denomination. Divide the quotient in like manner, and continue the operation until the required denomination is reached. The last quotient, with the several remainders annexed in their proper order, is the answer. ART. 199.—The following denominations are now in use, 200 lb. of pork, fish, or beef = 1 barrel. 280 lb. of salt 240 lb. of lime = 1 barrel. = 1 cask. NOTE.-It is more convenient to estimate many articles by weight than by measure, and the tendency is in that direction. The following standard has been adopted by the Pennsylvania and other railroad companies. 1. 4 T. 15 cwt. 50 lb. to lb. 2. 6 T. 20 lb. to oz. 3. 18,462 lb. to higher denominations. 4. 26,848 oz. to higher denominations. 5. What will of a firkin of butter cost at $.24 a pound? 6. When flour is worth $8 a barrel, how many pounds can be bought for $2? 7. How many barrels of salt are there in 4,060 lb. ? 8. Show by an original problem in avoirdupois weight how to change higher to lower denominations. 9. Show by an original problem in the miscellaneous table how to change lower to higher denominations. TROY WEIGHT. ART. 200.-Troy Weight is used in weighing gold, silver, jewels, and fluids in philosophical experiments. 24 grains (gr.) 20 pennyweights TABLE. = 1 pennyweight, pwt. 1 ounce, oz. = 1 pound, lb. The unit of weight is the Troy pound, which is equal in weight to 22.794377 cubic inches of distilled water, at the temperature of 39.2° Fahrenheit, the barometer standing at 30 inches. It is the same as the Imperial Troy pound of Great Britain. 1. 8 pwt. 12 grains to grains. 6. 7,777 gr. to higher denominations. 7. Show by an original problem in Troy weight how to change higher to lower denominations. 8. Show by an original problem in Troy weight how to change lower to higher denominations. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. Medicines are ART. 201.-Apothecaries' Weight is used in prescribing and compounding medicines. bought and sold by avoirdupois weight. TABLE. 8 drams =1 ounce, 3. = 1 pound, fb. 20 grains (gr.) = 1 scruple, 5. The unit is the pound, and is the same as the Troy pound. The only difference between the two weights is in the subdivision of the ounce. APOTHECARIES' FLUID MEASURE. 60 minims or drops (m or gtt.) = 1 fluid dram (f3). 3. 5760 gr. to pounds. 2. 1 lb 4 3 to grains. 5. 1 lb 13 13 19 1 gr. to grains. 6. 7642 gr. to lb. 7. Illustrate by an original problem in apothecaries' weight how to change lower to higher denominations. 8. Illustrate by an original problem in apothecaries' weight how to change higher to lower denominations. |