1. If you have two apples in each hand, how many have you in both hands? How many are two times two?

2. James put three cents in his pocket at two different times, how many cents has he in his pocket? How many are two times three?

3. If you pay two cents for one marble, how many cents must you pay for four marbles? How many are two times four?

4. If you pay three cents for one orange, how many cents must you pay for four oranges? How many are three times four?

5. Jane gave six pins to each of her two sisters, how many pins did she give to both? How many are two times six?

6. William bought twelve quills at two cents apiece, how many cents did he pay for the twelve? How many are two times twelve?

7. If you pay nine cents for one writing book, how many cents must you pay for three writing books? How many are three times nine?

8. If you pay twelve cents for one slate, how many cents must you pay for four slates? How many are four times twelve?

9. George gave William five apples at four different times, how many apples did he give him in all? How many are four times five?

10. Jane bought nine yards of riband at five cents a yard, how many cents did she pay for the whole? How many are five times nine?

11. Eliza bought three combs at ten cents apiece, how many cents did she pay for the whole? How many are three times ten?

12. If you pay six dollars for one pair of boots, how many dollars must you pay for seven pairs? How many are six times seven ?

13. If you pay eight dollars for one barrel of flour, how many dollars must you pay for six barrels of flour? How many are six times eight?

How

14. If a man can earn nine dollars in one week, how many dollars can he earn in six weeks? many are six times nine?

15. Jane bought five yards of calico at eleven cents a yard, how many cents did she pay for the whole? How many are five times eleven?

Note.-TO TEACHERS. The learner should be required to answer, mentally, the preceding questions, and various others of an equally simple nature, before he is required to use a

slate.

Q. How must the numbers, or figures, be placed in Multiplication?

A. Units under units, tens under tens, hundreds under hundreds, &c., as in Addition and Substraction.

Q. What are the given numbers in Multiplication called?

A. The multiplicand and multiplier.

Q. What is the figure, or upper line, in Multiplication called?.

A. It is called the multiplicand.

Q. Why is it called the multiplicand?

A. Because it is the number or quantity to be multiplied.

Q. What is the figure, or lower line, in Multiplication called?

A. It is called the multiplier.

Q. Why is it called the multiplier?

A. Because it is the number to be multiplied by.

Q. What is the answer in Multiplication called?

A. It is called the product.

Q. Why is it called the product?

A. Because it is equal to, or shows the amount of the multiplicand, multiplied or repeated as many times as there are units in the multiplier.

Q. What are the multiplicand and multiplier often called?

A. They are called factors.

Q. When the multiplier does not exceed 12, where must it be placed?

A. It must be placed under the right hand figure, or figures, of the multiplicand.

Q. Where must the figures of the product be placed?

A. They must be placed directly under the figures of the multiplicand; that is, units under units, tens under tens, &c.

Q. Why do you begin to multiply at the right hand figure?

A. Because figures increase from the right hand to the left.

Q. What must you set down in the product in Multiplication?

A. All over tens must be set down in the product, and one must be carried for every ten to the product of the next figure.

Q. Why do you carry one for every ten?

A. Because figures increase in a tenfold proportion.

Q. Must you set down the whole product of the last figure of the multiplicand?

A. The whole of the last figure must be set down at the left hand.

EXAMPLES

For Exercise on a Slate.

1. If you pay 3 cents for one orange; how many cents must you pay for 6 oranges? Ans. 18 cents.

EXPLANATIONS.

6 multiplicand. 3 multiplier.

Here are two numbers given to be multiplied; and the first thing to be done is to place the 6, which is the larger number, for the mul- 18 product. tiplicand, above the 3, the smaller number, which is the multiplier. Then you must say, 3 times 6 are 18, and place the product directly under; that is, the 8 under the 3, and the 1 at the left hand. This rule is, as you have been told, a short way of performing Addition. Thus you see that 6, multiplied by 3, increases it to eighteen; that is, 6 three times repeated. You will readily see, that this joining together of the same amount, several times repeated, may be accomplished by Addition; first, by writing down the figures of the multiplicand as many times as there are units in the multiplier, in a column, and adding them up. But the end is attained much more quickly, more pleasantly, and with less liability to errour, by multiplication; and herein consists its value. Thus, by Addition, you must set down the 6 three times and add them up. When two sums are to be multiplied, it is immaterial as to the result, whether you multiply by one, or by the other of them; as, for instance, if you have to multiply 6 and 3 together, as in the present case, the result is the same, whether you say 3 times 6, or 6 times 3. And so it would be with sums of any amount. But, though the result is the same, it is more easy to multiply the larger sum by the smaller; and this is more especially the case, as you will soon find, when either the multiplicand or multiplier has several figures in it.

Add. 6

6

6

18